{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T14:22:30Z","timestamp":1761402150963,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20201415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20201415"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project","award":["2017YFB1400703, 2020YFB1005503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB1400703, 2020YFB1005503"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1736216, 61702233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1736216, 61702233"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the development of smart vehicles and various vehicular applications, Vehicular Edge Computing (VEC) paradigm has attracted from academic and industry. Compared with the cloud computing platform, VEC has several new features, such as the higher network bandwidth and the lower transmission delay. Recently, vehicular computation-intensive task offloading has become a new research field for the vehicular edge computing networks. However, dynamic network topology and the bursty computation tasks offloading, which causes to the computation load unbalancing for the VEC networking. To solve this issue, this paper proposed an optimal control-based computing task scheduling algorithm. Then, we introduce software defined networking\/OpenFlow framework to build a software-defined vehicular edge networking structure. The proposed algorithm can obtain global optimum results and achieve the load-balancing by the virtue of the global load status information. Besides, the proposed algorithm has strong adaptiveness in dynamic network environments by automatic parameter tuning. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the utilization of computation resources and meet the requirements of computation and transmission delay for various vehicular tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T05:16:28Z","timestamp":1612156588000},"page":"955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Software-Defined Optimal Computation Task Scheduling in Vehicular Edge Networking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6088-8086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Big Data Ubiquitous Perception and Intelligent Agricultural Application Engineering Research Center, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Security Technology for Industrial Cyberspace, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}]},{"given":"Ershuai","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2016.302","article-title":"Responsive data architecture for the internet of things","volume":"49","author":"Linthicum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2683200","article-title":"A survey on internet of things: Architecture, enabling technologies, security and privacy, and applications","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2015.2451138","article-title":"Dynamic resource discovery based on preference and movement pattern similarity for large-scale social internet of things","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2966538","article-title":"Covert communications in D2D underlaying cellular networks with antenna array assisted artificial noise transmission","volume":"69","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zambrano-Martinez, J.L., Calafate, C.T., Soler, D., Lemus-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga, L.-G., Cano, J.-C., Manzoni, P., and Gayraud, T. (2019). A centralized route-management solution for autonomous vehicles in urban areas. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8070722"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2015.03.008","article-title":"The Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, investments, and challenges for enterprises","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bus. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2745201","article-title":"A survey on mobile edge computing: The communication perspective","volume":"19","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2579198","article-title":"Edge computing: Vision and challenges","volume":"3","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2016.11.009","article-title":"Mobile edge computing, Fog et al.: A survey and analysis of security threats and challenges","volume":"78","author":"Roman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-017-1568-0","article-title":"CADD: Connectivity-aware data dissemination using node forwarding capability estimation in partially connected VANETs","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2016.145","article-title":"The promise of edge Ccomputing","volume":"49","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2018.2841758","article-title":"Computation peer offloading for energy-constrained mobile edge computing in small-cell networks","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamoun, M., Labidi, W., and Sarkiss, M. (2015, January 8\u201312). Joint resource allocation and offloading strategies in cloud enabled cellular networks. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2015.7249203"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, E., and Li, Z. (2020, January 27\u201329). Optimal control-based computing task scheduling in software-defined vehicular edge networks, 2020. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things and Intelligent Applications (ITIA), Zhenjiang, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITIA50152.2020.9312356"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalaemwongwan, N., and Kurutach, W. (July, January 28). Mobile cloud computing: A survey and propose solution framework. Proceedings of the 2016 13th International Conference on Electrical Engineering\/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON), Chiang Mai, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECTICon.2016.7561437"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4377","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2876298","article-title":"Joint load balancing and offloading in vehicular edge computing and networks","volume":"6","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2016.2605694","article-title":"TerminalBooster: Collaborative computation offloading and data caching via smart basestations","volume":"5","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Wang, M., Jin, H., Zhao, C., and Liang, N. (2017, January 21\u201325). Delay optimization of computation offloading in multi-hop ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Liu, L., Chang, Z., Guo, X., and Ristaniemi, T. (2017, January 3\u20136). Multi-objective optimization for computation offloading in mobile-edge computing. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), Heraklion, Greece."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beraldi, R., Mtibaa, A., and Alnuweiri, H. (2017, January 8\u201311). Cooperative load balancing scheme for edge computing resources. Proceedings of the 2017 Second International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC), Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/FMEC.2017.7946414"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4880","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2879513","article-title":"Performance modeling of representative load sharing schemes for clustered servers in multiaccess edge computing","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, J., Deng, X., Zhang, H., and Qi, H. (2018, January 20\u201324). Ultra-low latency service provision in edge computing. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kansas City, MO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422645"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58602","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2914261","article-title":"An improved chaotic bat swarm scheduling learning model on edge computing","volume":"7","author":"Jian","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MONE.0000048550.31717.c5","article-title":"Energy-balanced task allocation for collaborative processing in wireless sensor networks","volume":"10","author":"Prasanna","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mob. Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2007.39","article-title":"Cross-layer collaborative in-network processing in multihop wireless sensor networks","volume":"6","author":"Tian","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2011.172","article-title":"An intelligent task allocation scheme for multihop wireless networks","volume":"23","author":"Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Billet, B., and Issarny, V. (2014, January 28\u201330). From task graphs to concrete actions: A new task mapping algorithm for the future internet of things. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 11th International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems, Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MASS.2014.20"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2014.07.011","article-title":"The problem of task allocation in the Internet of Things and the consensus-based approach","volume":"73","author":"Colistra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2815360","article-title":"Task offloading for mobile edge computing in software defined ultra-dense network","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subramanya, T., Goratti, L., Khan, S.N., Kafetzakis, E., Giannoulakis, I., and Riggio, R. (2017, January 6\u20138). SDEC: A platform for software defined mobile edge computing research and experimentation. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Conference on Network Function Virtualization and Software Defined Networks (NFV-SDN), Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/NFV-SDN.2017.8169849"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2019.2959268","article-title":"Detecting saturation attacks based on self-similarity of openflow traffic","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/3\/955\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:18:06Z","timestamp":1760159886000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/3\/955"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s21030955"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21030955","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}}}