{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T20:47:47Z","timestamp":1770842867544,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper examines the potential deployment of a 10 mm \u00d7 10 mm \u00d7 1 mm cadmium telluride detector for strontium-90 measurement in groundwater boreholes at nuclear decommissioning sites. Geant4 simulation was used to model the deployment of the detector in a borehole monitoring contaminated groundwater. It was found that the detector was sensitive to strontium-90, yttrium-90, caesium-137, and potassium-40 decay, some of the significant beta emitters found at Sellafield. However, the device showed no sensitivity to carbon-14 decay, due to the inability of the weak beta emission to penetrate both the groundwater and the detector shielding. The limit of detection for such a sensor when looking at solely strontium-90 decay was calculated as 323 BqL\u22121 after a 1-h measurement and 66 BqL\u22121 after a 24-h measurement. A gallium-arsenide (GaAs) sensor with twice the surface area, but 0.3% of the thickness was modelled for comparison. Using this sensor, sensitivity was increased, such that the limit of detection for strontium-90 was 91 BqL\u22121 after 1 h and 18 BqL\u22121 after 24 h. However, this sensor sacrifices the potential to identify the present radionuclides by their end-point energy. Additionally, the feasibility of using flexible detectors based on solar cell designs to maximise the surface area of detectors has been modelled.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T05:44:42Z","timestamp":1612244682000},"page":"984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Simulated Characterization and Suitability of Semiconductor Detectors for Strontium 90 Assay in Groundwater"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0259-9611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graeme","family":"Turkington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics &amp; Electrical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4832-3373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelum A. A.","family":"Gamage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics &amp; Electrical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7510-2894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Nuclear Laboratory, Central Laboratory, Sellafield, Seascale, Cumbria CA20 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, September 10). 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