{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T09:40:57Z","timestamp":1772271657657,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foudation of China","award":["61827819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61827819"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006469","name":"Fundo para o Desenvolvimento das Ci\u00eancias e da Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["132\/2017\/A3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["132\/2017\/A3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006469","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Open Fund of Foshan University, Research Fund of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology Joint Laboratory","award":["2020B1212030010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1212030010"]}]},{"name":"the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["LY19F050010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY19F050010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A hollow biconical fiber is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for vibration sensing. It is fabricated by creating an air micro-cavity in single-mode fiber, followed by tapering it. Experimental results show that the device is highly sensitive to bending with a sensitivity of 21.30 dB\/m\u22121. When it is exposed to vibration, its transmission loss is modulated periodically, then based on the measured transmission, the vibration frequency can be demodulated accurately. The acoustic vibration testing results show that the proposed device can detect and demodulate the exciting acoustic frequency accurately and distinguish its sound intensity, and the maximum signal to noise ratio (SNR) achieves up to 59 dB. Moreover, cantilever beam testing proves its performance reliable. Additionally, the sensing head has the advantages of a lightweight, compact size (with a total length of less than 250 \u03bcm), and insensitivity of temperature. All these features indicate the proposed sensor has a promising potential in the engineering field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T03:56:46Z","timestamp":1612324606000},"page":"1023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Vibration Sensor Based on Hollow Biconical Fiber"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yingfang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, No. 258, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]},{"given":"Dongning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, No. 258, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, No. 258, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, No. 258, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]},{"given":"Weicheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China"}]},{"given":"Penglai","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6768-1483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/058310249803000201","article-title":"A summary review of vibration-based damage identification methods","volume":"30","author":"Doebling","year":"1998","journal-title":"Shock Vib. 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