{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:46:58Z","timestamp":1760233618945,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006141","name":"Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UGB 729\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGB 729\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The problem of waveform construction for mobile ad hoc networks with cognitive radio (MANET-CR) is discussed. This is the main limitation to widely use this very attractive technique, which does not need the deployment of expensive communication infrastructure. Two main questions correspond to MANET-CR effectiveness: spectrum sensing and spectrum sharing. The paper presents the structure of CR nodes that enables Opportunistic Spectrum Sharing. Procedures for advanced Dynamic Spectrum Management together with the concept of policy-based radio and a sensing method are presented. In the proposed system, the basic policy is to avoid interference generated by other users or jammers. The experiments were performed in a real environment, using the elaborated testbed. The results show that the use of sensing and cognitive management mechanisms enable more efficient use of the spectrum while maintaining reasonable overhead values related to the management procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T21:29:27Z","timestamp":1612474167000},"page":"1052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cognitive Radio MANET Waveform Design and Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7479-5254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kaszuba-Ch\u0119ci\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Institute of Communications Systems, Military University of Technology, Gen. Sylwester Kaliski Str. No. 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1240-1576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Institute of Communications Systems, Military University of Technology, Gen. Sylwester Kaliski Str. No. 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0149-6602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Gajewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Institute of Communications Systems, Military University of Technology, Gen. Sylwester Kaliski Str. No. 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7964-089X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy","family":"\u0141opatka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Institute of Communications Systems, Military University of Technology, Gen. Sylwester Kaliski Str. No. 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2004.839380","article-title":"Cognitive Radio: Brain-Empowered Wireless Communications","volume":"23","author":"Haykin","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2012.6155873","article-title":"Dynamic spectrum access: From cognitive radio to network radio","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.5121\/ijngn.2014.6104","article-title":"Cognitive Radio And Dynamic Spectrum Access\u2014A Study","volume":"6","author":"Ghosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Next-Gener. Netw."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.13189\/ujcn.2014.020402","article-title":"A Survey on Dynamic Spectrum Access via Cognitive Radio: Taxonomy, Requirements, and Benefits","volume":"2","author":"Popoola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Univers. J. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.12.013","article-title":"Cognitive Radio Jamming Mitigation using Markov Decision Process and Reinforcement Learning","volume":"73","author":"Slimeni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, L. (2015). Spread Spectrum-Based Anti-jamming Technique. Anti-Jamming Transmissions in Cognitive Radio Networks, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24292-7"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Z., Sun, Y., and Ji, H. (2011, January 16\u201318). A Dynamic Spectrum Access Strategy Based on Real-Time Usability in Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/MSN.2011.3"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Ning, P., and Dai, H. (2010, January 14\u201319). Randomized Differential DSSS: Jamming-Resistant Wireless Broadcast Communication. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2010.5462156"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brachmann, M., Duquennoy, S., Tsiftes, N., and Voigt, T. (2019, January 14\u201317). IEEE 802.15.4 TSCH in Sub-GHz: Design Considerations and Multi-band Support. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 44th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Osnabrueck, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN44214.2019.8990806"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zorbas, D., Papadopoulos, G.Z., and Douligeris, C. (2018, January 20\u201324). Local or Global Radio Channel Blacklisting for IEEE 802.15.4-TSCH Networks. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kansas City, MO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8423007"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-014-2088-1","article-title":"Cooperative Sensing for Cognitive Radio: A Powerful Access Method for Shadowing Environment","volume":"80","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malon, K., Skokowski, P., and \u0141opatka, J. (2016, January 21\u201323). The use of a wireless sensor network to monitor the spectrum in urban areas. Proceedings of the XI Conference of Reconnaissance and Electronic Warfare Systems, Oltarzew, Poland.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2269709"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Anupama, R., Kulkarni, S.Y., and Prasad, S.N. (2019, January 11\u201312). Comparative study of Narrowband and Wideband Opportunistic Spectrum Access Techniques. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing, VLSI, Electrical Circuits and Robotics (DISCOVER), Manipal, India."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Huang, Z., Wang, X., and Sun, W. (2017). Design of a Single Channel Modulated Wideband Converter for Wideband Spectrum Sensing: Theory, Architecture and Hardware Implementation. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17051035"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaszuba-Ch\u0119ci\u0144ska, A., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski, R., Gajewski, P., and \u0141opatka, J. (2020, January 5\u20138). Interference Resistant Waveform for Cognitive Radio MANET. Proceedings of the 2020 Baltic URSI Symposium (URSI), Warsaw, Poland.","DOI":"10.23919\/URSI48707.2020.9254041"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.2557","article-title":"An energy-efficient anti-jam cognitive system for wireless OFDM communication","volume":"27","author":"Javed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Zitouni, R., George, L., and Abouda, Y.A. (2015, January 24\u201326). Dynamic Spectrum Access on SDR for IEEE 802.15.4 networks. Proceedings of the WInnComm, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"113","article-title":"Tactical Communication System using MANET and WSN","volume":"1","author":"Tatugade","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOSR J. Comput. Eng. (IOSR-ICE)"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Bednarczyk, W., Michalak, J., and Nowosielski, L. (2018, January 18\u201320). WCNE: A Weighted Clusterhead Node Election Algorithm for MANET. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference Electronics, Palanga, Lithuania."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"273","article-title":"Review of Energy Efficient and Network Lifetime improvement Approaches in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"5","author":"Nataraj","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Technol. Innov. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"874","article-title":"Review Paper on Reliability and Lifetime Optimization in Wireless Sensor Network","volume":"5","author":"Gaikwad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Innov. Trends Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"26","article-title":"Enhanced Superframe Structure of the IEEE802.15.4 Standard for Real-time Data Transmission in Star Network","volume":"51","author":"Hou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2012.159","article-title":"Modeling and Optimization of the IEEE 802.15.4 Protocol for Reliable and Timely Communications","volume":"24","author":"Pangun","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watteyne, T., Weiss, J., Doherty, L., and Simon, J. (2015, January 8\u201312). Industrial IEEE 802.15.4e Networks: Performance and Trade-offs. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2015.7248388"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasouli, J., Motamedi, A., Baseri, M., and Parsa, M. (2019). A Reliable Communication Model Based on IEEE802.15.4 for WSANs in Smart Grids. Energy Efficiency in Smart Grids, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.84288"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Holliday, P. (2008, January 18\u201320). An Evaluation of Mobile Ad Hoc Routing Protocols Using a Realistic Tactical Military Mobility Model. Proceedings of the MILCIS 2008, Canberra, Australia."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"504","article-title":"A Survey on Classification of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"5","author":"Lavanya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Innov. Trends Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"860","article-title":"EOAODV: Routing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Network","volume":"5","author":"Borkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Innov. Trends Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Implementation of a Context-Aware Routing Mechanism in an Inexpensive Standalone Communication System for Disaster Scenarios","volume":"11","author":"Cabacas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Netw. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1064","article-title":"A Survey on Ad Hoc Network (MANET)","volume":"4","author":"Kaur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bednarczyk, W., Gajewski, P., and Nowosielski, L. (2016, January 8\u201311). Energy-efficient Dynamic Spectrum Management in Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium (PIERS), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIERS.2016.7734581"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zareei, M., Islam, A.K.M.M., Baharun, S., Vargas-Rosales, C., Azpilicueta, L., and Mansoor, N. (2017). Medium Access Control Protocols for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17092136"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pande, S., Khamparis, A., Gupta, D., and Thanh, D. (2021). DDOS Detection Using Machine Learning Technique. Recent Studies on Computational Intelligence, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-8469-5_5"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saraiva, D.A.F., Leithardt, V.R.Q., de Paula, D., Sales Mendes, A., Gonz\u00e1lez, G.V., and Crocker, P. (2019). PRISEC: Comparison of Symmetric Key Algorithms for IoT Devices. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194312"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"431","article-title":"Traffic Analysis Using MANET in Wireless Sensor Network","volume":"118","author":"Navecenraj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pure Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"85","article-title":"A Min-Max Scheduling Load Balances Approach to Enhance Energy Efficiency and Performance of Mobile AdHoc Networks","volume":"11","author":"Venkatachalapathy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Netw. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gajewski, P., and Lopatka, J. (2017, January 18\u201320). MANET Cognitive Radio realtime testbed for Dynamic Spectrum Access. Proceedings of the AFRICON-2017, Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1109\/AFRCON.2017.8095494"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"348","article-title":"Performance Analysis of Cognitive Radio Networks (IEEE 802.22) for Various Network Traffics","volume":"5","author":"Kumari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Innov. Trends Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopatka, J., Gajewski, P., Malon, K., and Krygier, J. (2017, January 18\u201320). Performance Monitoring of Cognitive Radio Mobile ad hoc Network with Dynamic Spectrum Access. Proceedings of the AFRICON-2017, Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1109\/AFRCON.2017.8095498"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2015.2394436","article-title":"Energy Detection Technique for Adaptive Spectrum Sensing","volume":"63","author":"Sobron","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Lu, Y., and Wang, X. (2006, January 16\u201319). Channelized Receiver with WOLA Filterbank. Proceedings of the CIE International Conference on Radar, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICR.2006.343463"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skokowski, P., Malon, K., Kelner, J., Lopatka, J., and Gajewski, P. (2014, January 15\u201317). Adaptive channels\u2019 selection for hierarchical cluster based cognitive radio networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ICSPCS), Gold Coast, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPCS.2014.7021123"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"IEEE Standard Association (2016). IEEE Standard for Low-Rate Wireless Networks 802.15.4-2015, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/4\/1052\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:19:54Z","timestamp":1760159994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/4\/1052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s21041052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21041052","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]}}}