{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:48:05Z","timestamp":1760233685173,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.61702212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.61702212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.CCNU19TS017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.CCNU19TS017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Signal is the first application that applies the double ratchet for its end-to-end encryption protocol. The core of the double ratchet protocol is then applied in WhatsApp, the most popular messaging application around the world. Asynchronous Ratchet Tree (ART) is extended from ratchet and Diffie-Hellman tree. It is the first group protocol that applies Forward Secrecy (FS) with Post-Compromised Security (PCS). However, it does not consider protecting the privacy of user identity. Therefore, it makes sense to provide anonymous features in the conditions of FS and PCS. In this paper, the concepts of Internal Group Anonymity (IGA) and External Group Anonymity (EGA) are formalized. On the basis of IGA and EGA, we develop the \u201cAnonymous Asynchronous Ratchet Tree (AART)\u201d to realize anonymity while preserving FS and PCS. Then, we prove that our AART meets the requirements of IGA and EGA as well as FS and PCS. Finally, the performance and related issues of AART are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T21:29:27Z","timestamp":1612474167000},"page":"1058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anonymous Asynchronous Ratchet Tree Protocol for Group Messaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6624-0347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaiming","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer, Central China Normal University, NO. 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiageng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer, Central China Normal University, NO. 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jixin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer, Central China Normal University, NO. 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ortiz, H. 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