{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:28:07Z","timestamp":1767338887245,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gait phase detection, which detects foot-contact and foot-off states during walking, is important for various applications, such as synchronous robotic assistance and health monitoring. Gait phase detection systems have been proposed with various wearable devices, sensing inertial, electromyography, or force myography information. In this paper, we present a novel gait phase detection system with static standing-based calibration using muscle deformation information. The gait phase detection algorithm can be calibrated within a short time using muscle deformation data by standing in several postures; it is not necessary to collect data while walking for calibration. A logistic regression algorithm is used as the machine learning algorithm, and the probability output is adjusted based on the angular velocity of the sensor. An experiment is performed with 10 subjects, and the detection accuracy of foot-contact and foot-off states is evaluated using video data for each subject. The median accuracy is approximately 90% during walking based on calibration for 60 s, which shows the feasibility of the static standing-based calibration method using muscle deformation information for foot-contact and foot-off state detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T21:29:27Z","timestamp":1612474167000},"page":"1081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Gait Phase Detection Based on Muscle Deformation with Static Standing-Based Calibration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3367-3896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamon","family":"Miyake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shintaro","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Hosono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H2L Inc., Tokyo 106-0032, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Funabashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengxue","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Fundamental Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki 316-0033, Japan"},{"name":"Global Information and Telecommunication Institute, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emi","family":"Tamaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigeki","family":"Sugano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1923","article-title":"Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults","volume":"305","author":"Studenski","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-016-1096-4","article-title":"Gait disorders in adults and the elderly: A clinical guide","volume":"129","author":"Pirker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wien. 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