{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:46:56Z","timestamp":1760233616078,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]],"date-time":"2021-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Seventh Framework Programme","award":["283783"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["283783"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Robotic observatories are ideal infrastructures that can be remotely accessed by scientists, amateurs, and general public for research and education in Astronomy. Its robotization is a complex process for ensuring autonomy, safety, and coordination among all subsystems. Some observatories, such as Francisco Sanchez\u2019s, are equipped with two types of telescopes: one for the night and one for the day. The night-time telescope must be protected from exposure to sunlight in order to use them in an automated way. For this purpose, this article proposes the design and construction of a smart cover that opens and closes according to the time of day. The mechatronic design covers the electronic, mechanical, and software programming, and it has been devised taking while taking the principles of open design, ease of reproduction, low-cost, and smart behaviour into account. The design has been parameterized, so that it can be adapted to telescopes of any size. The final prototype is lightweight, cost-effective, and can be built while using common 3D printing and PCB milling machines. The complete design is licensed under the GNU General Public License v3.0 and all the documentation, schematics, and software are available in public repositories, like Zenodo, GitHub, and Instructables.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T14:07:19Z","timestamp":1612706839000},"page":"1138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Open-Design for a Smart Cover of a Night-Time Telescope for Day-Time Use"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4361-4331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Cedazo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronical and Automatic Control Engineering and Applied Physics, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda y Dise\u00f1o Industrial, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28012 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9873-232X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Brunete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Automation and Robotics (CAR UPM-CSIC), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Hugo R.","family":"Albarracin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronical and Automatic Control Engineering and Applied Physics, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda y Dise\u00f1o Industrial, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28012 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontology Engineering Group (OEG), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28660 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Robotic Telescopes in Education","volume":"13","author":"Gomez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Astron. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J., Wang, C., Fan, D., Cui, C., Li, S., Mi, L., Li, Z., Xu, Y., He, B., and Li, C. (2018). Amateur public observatory I: The observatory and hardware integration system. Astron. Comput., 25.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2018.09.002"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-astro-081913-035959","article-title":"Ideas for Citizen Science in Astronomy","volume":"53","author":"Marshall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.17230\/ingciencia.16.31.5","article-title":"Design of a Low Cost Control System for an Astronomical Observatory","volume":"16","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ing. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cedazo, R., Lopez, D., Sanchez, F.M., and Sebastian, J.M. (2010, January 14\u201316). The Montegancedo astronomical observatory: The first free remote observatory for learning astronomy. Proceedings of the IEEE EDUCON 2010 Conference, Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON.2010.5492369"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-del-Pulgar, C.J., Cedazo, R., Cabello, J., Gonz\u00e1lez, E., Mu\u00f1oz, V.F., Serena, F., and Cunniffe, R. (2013). GLORIA: The First Free Access e-Infrastructure of Robotic Telescopes for Citizen Science. Advances in Information Systems and Technologies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36981-0_28"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jel\u00ednek, M., Castro-Tirado, A.J., Cunniffe, R., Gorosabel, J., V\u00edtek, S., Kub\u00e1nek, P., and Sabau-Graziati, L. (2016). A Decade of GRB Follow-Up by BOOTES in Spain (2003\u20132013). Adv. Astron.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1928465"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063772920020018","article-title":"Early Optical Observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts Compared with Their Gamma- and X-Ray Characteristics Using a MASTER Global Network of Robotic Telescopes from Lomonosov Moscow State University","volume":"64","author":"Ershova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Astron. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1086\/673168","article-title":"Las Cumbres Observatory global telescope network","volume":"125","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villanueva, S., Eastman, J.D., Gaudi, B.S., Pogge, R.W., Stassun, K.G., Trueblood, M., and Trueblood, P. (2016, January 1\u201326). DEdicated MONitor of EXotransits and Transients (DEMONEXT): A low-cost robotic and automated telescope for followup of exoplanetary transits and other transient events. Proceedings of the SPIE 9906, Ground-Based and Airborne Telescopes VI, Edinburgh, UK.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2231122"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngeow, C., Huang, J., Lin, H., Lin, C., Hsiao, H., and Yang, T. (2019, January 28\u201330). An Introduction to the Semi-Automatic Lulin Wide-Field Telescope. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Space Science and Communication (IconSpace), Johor, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IconSpace.2019.8905952"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.22201\/ia.14052059p.2019.51.04","article-title":"Using Open Source Software and Open Standards for operating robotic telescopes","volume":"Volume 51","author":"Husser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Revista Mexicana de Astronomia y Astrofisica Conference Series"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99100N","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2232251","article-title":"STELLA: 10 years of robotic observations on Tenerife","volume":"Volume 9910","author":"Weber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems VI"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02264","article-title":"Knowledge growth and development: Internet of things (IoT) research, 2006\u20132018","volume":"5","author":"Dachyar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boisseau, \u00c9., Omhover, J., and Bouchard, C. (2018). Open-design: A state of the art review. Des. Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.1017\/dsj.2017.25"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viciana, E., Alcayde, A., Montoya, F.G., Ba\u00f1os, R., Arrabal-Campos, F.M., and Manzano-Agugliaro, F. (2019). An Open Hardware Design for Internet of Things Power Quality and Energy Saving Solutions. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030627"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, A.S., Cot\u00e9, C., Heidarinejad, M., and Stephens, B. (2019). Elemental: An Open-Source Wireless Hardware and Software Platform for Building Energy and Indoor Environmental Monitoring and Control. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19184017"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuentes del Toro, S., Wei, Y., Olmeda, E., Ren, L., Guowu, W., and D\u00edaz, V. (2019). Validation of a Low-Cost Electromyography (EMG) System via a Commercial and Accurate EMG Device: Pilot Study. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235214"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S.-H., Wang, J.-J., and Tan, T.-H. (2019). A Portable and Wireless Multi-Channel Acquisition System for Physiological Signal Measurements. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235314"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186026","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3030006","article-title":"Improving the Results of Citizen Science Projects Through Reputation Systems: The Case of Wolf\u2019s Number Experiment","volume":"8","author":"Cedazo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.26607\/ijsl.v18i0.21","article-title":"STARS4ALL Night Sky Brightness Photometer","volume":"18","author":"Zamorano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Light."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Pahl, G., and Beitz, W. (2013). Engineering Design. A Systematic Approach, Springer Science & Business Media, Springer."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/4\/1138\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:20:25Z","timestamp":1760160025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/4\/1138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s21041138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21041138","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]]}}}