{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T16:22:55Z","timestamp":1778257375397,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]],"date-time":"2021-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12073034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12073034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) precise point positioning (PPP) has been widely used for high-precision time and frequency transfer. However, the day-boundary discontinuities at the boundary epochs of adjacent days or batches are the most significant obstacle preventing PPP from continuous time transfer. The day-boundary discontinuities in station estimates and time comparisons are mainly caused by the code-pseudorange noise during the analysis of observation data in daily batches, where the absolute clock offset is determined by the average code measurements. However, some discontinuities with amplitudes even more than 0.15 ns may still appear in station clock estimates and time comparisons, although several methods had been proposed to remove such discontinuities. The residual small amplitude of the day-boundary discontinuities in some PPP station clock estimates and time comparisons through new GNSSs like Galileo seems larger, especially using precise clock products with large discontinuities. To further understand the origin of the day-boundary discontinuities, the influence of GNSS precise products on the day-boundary discontinuities in PPP station clock estimates and time comparisons is investigated in this paper. Ten whole days of Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) from modified Julian date (MJD) 59028 to 59037 are used as the observation data. For a comparative analysis, the station clock estimates are compared with global positioning system (GPS) and Galileo observations through PPP and network solutions, separately. The experimental results show that the daily discontinuities in current combined GPS final and rapid clock products are less than 0.1 ns, and their influence on the origin of day-boundary discontinuities in PPP station clock estimates and time comparison are statistically negligible. However, the daily discontinuities in individual Analysis Centers (ACs) GPS products are more extensive, and their influence on the origin of the day-boundary discontinuities in GPS PPP station clock estimates cannot be ignored. The day-boundary discontinuities demonstrate random walk noise characteristics and deteriorate the station clocks\u2019 long-term frequency stability, especially at an average time of more than one day. Although Galileo clock daily discontinuities are different from those of GPS, their influence on the day-boundary discontinuities in station clock estimates is nearly similar to the GPS PPP. The influence of daily discontinuities of Galileo clocks on PPP time comparison is similar to GPS and is not particularly critical to time comparison. However, combined and weighted MGEX products should be developed or Galileo IPPP should be used for remote comparison of high-stability clocks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T04:33:46Z","timestamp":1612931626000},"page":"1156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Influence of Precise Products on the Day-Boundary Discontinuities in GNSS Carrier Phase Time Transfer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8335-321X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precise Positioning and Timing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonghui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baoqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precise Positioning and Timing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dangli","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zaimin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Schildknecht, T., Beutler, G., Gurtner, W., and Rothacher, M. 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