{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T22:00:05Z","timestamp":1765231205479,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project of China","award":["2019YFF0303100","2016YFB0502005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFF0303100","2016YFB0502005"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Major Project of China","award":["2018ZX03001013-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZX03001013-005"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Project","award":["No.61931001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.61931001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) is essential in enabling safe, reliable, and efficient transportation services. It serves as serve as the foundation for vehicles to communicate with each other and everything around them. One fundamental element in C-V2X is positioning, namely extracting the vehicle\u2019s absolute and relative positions concerning other objects such as buildings, pedestrians, traffic signs, and other vehicles. However, its feasibility in enabling vehicular positioning has not been fully explored yet. In this paper, key performance indicators (KPIs) for C-V2X positioning have been described firstly. Then positioning challenges and conventional positioning methods for C-V2X are reviewed. Afterward, two user equipment (UE)-based and UE-assisted C-V2X positioning architectures are proposed, and key technologies are also described. Lastly, testing and typical application cases are provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T04:33:46Z","timestamp":1612931626000},"page":"1175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A Highly Accurate Positioning Solution for C-V2X Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Unicom Smart City Research Institute, Beijing 100033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Unicom Smart City Research Institute, Beijing 100033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Unicom Smart City Research Institute, Beijing 100033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ti","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Unicom Smart City Research Institute, Beijing 100033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Unicom Smart City Research Institute, Beijing 100033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingrong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Unicom Smart City Research Institute, Beijing 100033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9887-7032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiachi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mueck, M., and Karls, I. 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