{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T11:23:28Z","timestamp":1768562608268,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless Sensor Networks constitute an important part of the Internet of Things, and in a similar way to other wireless technologies, seek competitiveness concerning savings in energy consumption and information availability. These devices (sensors) are typically battery operated and distributed throughout a scenario of particular interest. However, they are prone to interference attacks which we know as jamming. The detection of anomalous behavior in the network is a subject of study where the routing protocol and the nodes increase power consumption, which is detrimental to the network\u2019s performance. In this work, a simple jamming detection algorithm is proposed based on an exhaustive study of performance metrics related to the routing protocol and a significant impact on node energy. With this approach, the proposed algorithm detects areas of affected nodes with minimal energy expenditure. Detection is evaluated for four known cluster-based protocols: PEGASIS, TEEN, LEACH, and HPAR. The experiments analyze the protocols\u2019 performance through the metrics chosen for a jamming detection algorithm. Finally, we conducted real experimentation with the best performing wireless protocols currently used, such as Zigbee and LoRa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T04:33:46Z","timestamp":1612931626000},"page":"1179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Low-Cost Jamming Detection Approach Using Performance Metrics in Cluster-Based Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0272-3275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Del-Valle-Soto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Panamericana, \u00c1lvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8682-5983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Mex-Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITAM, Rio Hondo 1, Mexico City 01080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4187-9352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Arturo","family":"Nolazco-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computing Department School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, V\u00eda Atlixc\u00e1yotl No. 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixc\u00e1yotl, Puebla Pue. 72453, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alma","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Panamericana, \u00c1lvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0161-0575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio C.","family":"Rosas-Caro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Panamericana, \u00c1lvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7982-2255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto F.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493930","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/493930","article-title":"Performance evaluation of localization algorithms for WSNs","volume":"11","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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