{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T18:55:54Z","timestamp":1777488954607,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Millimeter-wave (30\u2013300 GHz) frequency is a promising candidate for 5G and beyond wireless networks, but atmospheric elements limit radio links at this frequency band. Rainfall is the significant atmospheric element that causes attenuation in the propagated wave, which needs to estimate for the proper operation of fade mitigation technique (FMT). Many models have been proposed in the literature to estimate rain attenuation. Various models have a distinct set of input parameters along with separate estimation mechanisms. This survey has garnered multiple techniques that can generate input dataset for the rain attenuation models. This study extensively investigates the existing terrestrial rain attenuation models. There is no survey of terrestrial rain mitigation models to the best of our knowledge. In this article, the requirements of this survey are first discussed, with various dataset developing techniques. The terrestrial links models are classified, and subsequently, qualitative and quantitative analyses among these terrestrial rain attenuation models are tabulated. Also, a set of error performance evaluation techniques is introduced. Moreover, there is a discussion of open research problems and challenges, especially the exigency for developing a rain attenuation model for the short-ranged link in the E-band for 5G and beyond networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T04:33:46Z","timestamp":1612931626000},"page":"1207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A Survey of Rain Attenuation Prediction Models for Terrestrial Links\u2014Current Research Challenges and State-of-the-Art"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1990-6924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Abdus","family":"Samad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0991-1594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feyisa Debo","family":"Diba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama 1888, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0664-7908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-You","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Rappaport, T.S., Heath, R.W., Daniels, R.C., and Murdock, J.N. 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