{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T02:14:45Z","timestamp":1777601685472,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper provides a critical review of tactile and thermal sensors which are built from carbon nanomaterial-filled polymer composites (CNPCs). To make the review more comprehensive and systematic, the sensors are viewed as a system, and a general knowledge architecture for a system called function-context-behavior-principle-state-structure (FCBPSS) is employed to classify information as well as knowledge related to CNPC sensors. FCBPSS contains six basic concepts, namely, F: function, C: context, B: behavior, P: principle, and SS: state and structure. As such, the principle that explains why such composites can work as temperature and pressure sensors, various structures of the CNPC sensor, which realize the principle, and the behavior and performance of CNPC sensors are discussed in this review. This review also discusses the fabrication of the CNPC sensor. Based on the critical review and analysis, the future directions of research on the CNPC sensor are discussed; in particular, the need to have a network of CNPC sensors that can be installed on curved bodies such as those of robots is elaborated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T10:01:05Z","timestamp":1613296865000},"page":"1234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Tactile and Thermal Sensors Built from Carbon\u2013Polymer Nanocomposites\u2014A Critical Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6445-5579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenwang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Tony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruixue","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kemin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2011.2161094","article-title":"A socially inspired framework for human state inference using expert opinion integration","volume":"16","author":"Modi","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. 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