{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:47:37Z","timestamp":1760233657284,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17-79-20374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-79-20374"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IE160128","IES\\R1\\191236236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IE160128","IES\\R1\\191236236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A new implementation of a beam-steering transmitarray is proposed based on the tiled array architecture. Each pixel of the transmitarray is manufactured as a standalone unit which can be hard-wired for specific transmission characteristics. A set of complementary units, providing reciprocal phase-shifts, can be assembled in a prescribed spatial phase-modulation pattern to perform beam steering and beam forming in a broad spatial range. A compact circuit model of the tiled unit cell is proposed and characterized with full-wave electromagnetic simulations. Waveguide measurements of a prototype unit cell have been carried out. A design example of a tiled 10 \u00d7 10-element 1-bit beam-steering transmitarray is presented and its performance benchmarked against the conventional single-panel, i.e., unibody, counterpart. Prototypes of the tiled and single-panel C-band transmitarrays have been fabricated and tested, demonstrating their close performance, good agreement with simulations and a weak effect of fabrication tolerances. The proposed transmitarray antenna configuration has great potential for fifth-generation (5G) communication systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T16:12:10Z","timestamp":1613146330000},"page":"1259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Characterization of Tiled Architecture for C-Band 1-Bit Beam-Steering Transmitarray"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Kozlov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nokia Bell-Labs, D15Y6NT Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Munina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microelectronics and Radio Engineering, St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University LETI, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2520-9962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Turalchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microelectronics and Radio Engineering, St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University LETI, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vitalii","family":"Kirillov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microelectronics and Radio Engineering, St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University LETI, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Shitvov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2866-6296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Zelenchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECIT Institute, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Queen\u2019s Road, Belfast BT3 9DT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45913","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2977772","article-title":"Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Based Wireless Communications: Antenna Design, Prototyping, and Experimental Results","volume":"8","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Jamali, V., Tulino, A.M., Fischer, G., M\u00fcller, R., and Schober, R. 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