{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T07:59:57Z","timestamp":1777103997392,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WPN-3\/1\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WPN-3\/1\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fascial therapy is an effective, yet painful, procedure. Information about pain level is essential for the physiotherapist to adjust the therapy course and avoid potential tissue damage. We have developed a method for automatic pain-related reaction assessment in physiotherapy due to the subjectivity of a self-report. Based on a multimodal data set, we determine the feature vector, including wavelet scattering transforms coefficients. The AdaBoost classification model distinguishes three levels of reaction (no-pain, moderate pain, and severe pain). Because patients vary in pain reactions and pain resistance, our survey assumes a subject-dependent protocol. The results reflect an individual perception of pain in patients. They also show that multiclass evaluation outperforms the binary recognition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T18:45:00Z","timestamp":1613155500000},"page":"1311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Multimodal Signal Analysis for Pain Recognition in Physiotherapy Using Wavelet Scattering Transform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7109-572X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Badura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1833-7299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Mas\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiotheraphy and Health Science, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Miko\u0142owska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2183-1156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"My\u015bliwiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiotheraphy and Health Science, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Miko\u0142owska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9676-8510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Pi\u0119tka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000613","article-title":"Updating the definition of pain","volume":"157","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000670","article-title":"The Multimodal Assessment Model of Pain","volume":"35","author":"Wideman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. 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