{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T12:11:44Z","timestamp":1770725504094,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]],"date-time":"2021-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Centre for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BIOSTRATEG3\/347105\/9\/NCBR\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIOSTRATEG3\/347105\/9\/NCBR\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Compared with traditional gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry techniques, electronic noses are non-invasive and can be a rapid, cost-effective option for several applications. This paper presents comparative studies of differentiation between odors emitted by two forest pathogens: Pythium and Phytophthora, measured by a low-cost electronic nose. The electronic nose applies six non-specific Figaro Inc. metal oxide sensors. Various features describing shapes of the measurement curves of sensors\u2019 response to the odors\u2019 exposure were extracted and used for building the classification models. As a machine learning algorithm for classification, we use the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method and various measures to assess classification models\u2019 performance. Differentiation between Phytophthora and Pythium species has an important practical aspect allowing forest practitioners to take appropriate plant protection. We demonstrate the possibility to recognize and differentiate between the two mentioned species with acceptable accuracy by our low-cost electronic nose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T05:54:49Z","timestamp":1613282089000},"page":"1326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Application of a Low-Cost Electronic Nose for Differentiation between Pathogenic Oomycetes Pythium intermedium and Phytophthora plurivora"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2906-246X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Borowik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2036-6571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leszek","family":"Adamowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9666-8483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Tarakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Wac\u0142awik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4688-2582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Oszako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Protection Department, Forest Research Institute, ul. Braci Le\u015bnej 3, 05-090 S\u0119kocin Stary, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9654-5854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"\u015alusarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Protection Department, Forest Research Institute, ul. Braci Le\u015bnej 3, 05-090 S\u0119kocin Stary, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6031-996X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi\u0142osz","family":"Tkaczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Protection Department, Forest Research Institute, ul. Braci Le\u015bnej 3, 05-090 S\u0119kocin Stary, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/299352a0","article-title":"Analysis of discrimination mechanisms in the mammalian olfactory system using a model nose","volume":"299","author":"Persaud","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(94)87085-3","article-title":"A brief history of electronic noses","volume":"18","author":"Gardner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sens. 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