{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T18:20:40Z","timestamp":1774981240754,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]],"date-time":"2021-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61773205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61773205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tactile sensation is a promising information display channel for human beings that involves supplementing or replacing degraded visual or auditory channels. In this paper, a wrist-wearable tactile rendering system based on electro-tactile stimulation is designed for information expression, where a square array with 8 \u00d7 8 spherical electrodes is used as the touch panel. To verify and improve this touch-based information display method, the optimal mode for stimulus signals was firstly investigated through comparison experiments, which show that sequential stimuli with consecutive-electrode-in-active mode have a better performance than those with single-electrode-in-active mode. Then, simple Chinese and English characters and 26 English characters\u2019 recognition experiments were carried out and the proposed method was verified with an average recognition rate of 95% and 82%, respectively. This wrist-wearable tactile display system would be a new and promising medium for communication and could be of great value for visually impaired people.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T05:54:49Z","timestamp":1613282089000},"page":"1332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Experiment Study for Wrist-Wearable Electro-Tactile Display"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4470-8516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiong","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}]},{"given":"Minxu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}]},{"given":"Shouchun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}]},{"given":"Xusheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}]},{"given":"Hongbin","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}]},{"given":"Yuxing","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Haptic rendering: Introductory concepts","volume":"24","author":"Salisbury","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Eng. 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