{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:39:22Z","timestamp":1786117162599,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N000141712620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N000141712620"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Organ-on-chip devices have provided the pharmaceutical and tissue engineering worlds much hope since they arrived and began to grow in sophistication. However, limitations for their applicability were soon realized as they lacked real-time monitoring and sensing capabilities. The users of these devices relied solely on endpoint analysis for the results of their tests, which created a chasm in the understanding of life between the lab the natural world. However, this gap is being bridged with sensors that are integrated into organ-on-chip devices. This review goes in-depth on different sensing methods, giving examples for various research on mechanical, electrical resistance, and bead-based sensors, and the prospects of each. Furthermore, the review covers works conducted that use specific sensors for oxygen, and various metabolites to characterize cellular behavior and response in real-time. Together, the outline of these works gives a thorough analysis of the design methodology and sophistication of the current sensor integrated organ-on-chips.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T05:52:49Z","timestamp":1613368369000},"page":"1367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Advancement of Sensor Integrated Organ-on-Chip Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9070-4604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel A.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenna X.","family":"Hartse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5528-0212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir Ehsan","family":"Niaraki Asli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehrnoosh","family":"Taghavimehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niloofar","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2258-3553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehran","family":"Abbasi Shirsavar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8827-0026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Montazami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8545-7197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nima","family":"Alimoradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Nasirian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel J.","family":"Ouedraogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8921-7588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole N.","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(90)80209-I","article-title":"Miniaturized total chemical analysis systems: A novel concept for chemical sensing","volume":"1","author":"Manz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sens. 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