{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T09:59:35Z","timestamp":1780912775977,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1941260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1941260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP)","award":["DGE-1610403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1610403"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Measurement of interaction forces distributed across the attachment interface in wearable devices is critical for understanding ergonomic physical human\u2013robot interaction (pHRI). The main challenges in sensorization of pHRI interfaces are (i) capturing the fine nature of force transmission from compliant human tissue onto rigid surfaces in the wearable device and (ii) utilizing a low-cost and easily implementable design that can be adapted for a variety of human interfaces. This paper addresses both challenges and presents a modular sensing panel that uses force-sensing resistors (FSRs) combined with robust electrical and mechanical integration principles that result in a reliable solution for distributed load measurement. The design is demonstrated through an upper-arm cuff, which uses 24 sensing panels, in conjunction with the Harmony exoskeleton. Validation of the design with controlled loading of the sensorized cuff proves the viability of FSRs in an interface sensing solution. Preliminary experiments with a human subject highlight the value of distributed interface force measurement in recognizing the factors that influence ergonomic pHRI and elucidating their effects. The modular design and low cost of the sensing panel lend themselves to extension of this approach for studying ergonomics in a variety of wearable applications with the goal of achieving safe, comfortable, and effective human\u2013robot interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T09:06:10Z","timestamp":1613725570000},"page":"1445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A Modular Design for Distributed Measurement of Human\u2013Robot Interaction Forces in Wearable Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8212-6808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keya","family":"Ghonasgi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation and Neuromuscular Robotics Lab, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6752-937X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad N.","family":"Yousaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation and Neuromuscular Robotics Lab, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8572-0733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paria","family":"Esmatloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation and Neuromuscular Robotics Lab, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish D.","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation and Neuromuscular Robotics Lab, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2013.03.005","article-title":"Wearable lower limb robotics: A review","volume":"33","author":"Viteckova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biocybern. 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