{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T07:49:00Z","timestamp":1784447340005,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has received substantial attention for the treatment of multiple arrhythmias. In this scenario, there is an ever-growing demand for monitoring the temperature trend inside the tissue as it may allow an accurate control of the treatment effects, with a consequent improvement of the clinical outcomes. There are many methods for monitoring temperature in tissues undergoing RFA, which can be divided into invasive and non-invasive. This paper aims to provide an overview of the currently available techniques for temperature detection in this clinical scenario. Firstly, we describe the heat generation during RFA, then we report the principle of work of the most popular thermometric techniques and their features. Finally, we introduce their main applications in the field of cardiac RFA to explore the applicability in clinical settings of each method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T09:06:10Z","timestamp":1613725570000},"page":"1453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Techniques for Temperature Monitoring of Myocardial Tissue Undergoing Radiofrequency Ablation Treatments: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4849-6212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Zaltieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3090-5623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Massaroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo Maria","family":"Cauti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arrhythmology Unit, Cardiology Division, S. Giovanni Calibita Hospital, Isola Tiberina, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9696-1265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"Schena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(87)80388-1","article-title":"Closed chest catheter desiccation of the atrioventricular junction using radiofrequency energy\u2014A new method of catheter ablation","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"204","article-title":"Initial experiences with high-frequency electric ablation of the AV conduction system in the human","volume":"76","author":"Budde","year":"1987","journal-title":"Z. Kardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(87)80200-0","article-title":"High frequency alternating current ablation of an accessory pathway in humans","volume":"10","author":"Borggrefe","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1994.tb01125.x","article-title":"Basic aspects of radiofrequency catheter ablation","volume":"5","author":"Nath","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1996.tb00511.x","article-title":"Temperature monitoring during radiofrequency ablation","volume":"7","author":"Dinerman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.11.003","article-title":"Complications of radiofrequency catheter ablation: Can we prevent steam pops?","volume":"4","author":"Berjano","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.111.963413","article-title":"Outcomes of cardiac perforation complicating catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias","volume":"4","author":"Tokuda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.82.3.1034","article-title":"Observations on electrode-tissue interface temperature and effect on electrical impedance during radiofrequency ablation of ventricular myocardium","volume":"82","author":"Haines","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199902183400707","article-title":"Radio-frequency ablation as treatment for cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"340","author":"Morady","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.v38.i1.70","article-title":"Laser-induced thermal therapy for tumor ablation","volume":"38","author":"Stafford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-012-1090-7","article-title":"The influence of Nd: YAG laser irradiation on Fluoroptic\u00ae temperature measurement: An experimental evaluation","volume":"28","author":"Bazrafshan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1015071","article-title":"Verification of MR thermometry by means of an in vivo intralesional, fluoroptic temperature measurement for laser-induced thermotherapy ov liver metastases","volume":"169","author":"Vogl","year":"1998","journal-title":"RoFo Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen und der Nukl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22117","article-title":"Intracranial hyperthermia through local photothermal heating with a fiberoptic microneedle device","volume":"45","author":"Hood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10357","article-title":"Simulations of thermal tissue coagulation and their value for the planning and monitoring of laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy (LITT)","volume":"49","author":"Puccini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. An Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"N149","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/6\/403","article-title":"Temperature measurement artefacts of thermocouples and fluoroptic probes during laser irradiation at 810 nm","volume":"46","author":"Reid","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polito, D., Arturo Caponero, M., Polimadei, A., Saccomandi, P., Massaroni, C., Silvestri, S., and Schena, E. (2015). A needlelike probe for temperature monitoring during laser ablation based on fiber Bragg grating: Manufacturing and characterization. J. Med. Device., 9.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4030624"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polito, D., Schena, E., Saccomandi, P., Silvestri, S., Polimadei, A., and Caponero, M.A. (2014, January 2\u20135). Development and characterization of a fibre Bragg grating temperature probe for medical laser ablation therapy. Proceedings of the SENSORS, 2014 IEEE, Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2014.6985207"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Korganbayev, S., Asadi, S., Wolf, A., Dostovalov, A., Zalteri, M., Schena, E., Azhari, H., Weitz, I.S., and Saccomandi, P. (April, January 29). Highly dense FBG arrays for millimeter-scale thermal monitoring during nanocomposite-enhanced laser ablation. Proceedings of the Optical Sensing and Detection VI, International Society for Optics and Photonics, Strasbourg, France."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Santo, N., Cavaiola, C., Saccomandi, P., Massaroni, C., Giurazza, F., Frauenfelder, G., Schena, E., Di Matteo, F.M., Costamagna, G., and Caponero, M. (2016, January 15\u201318). Feasibility assessment of an FBG-based probe for distributed temperature measurements during laser ablation. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA), Benevento, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA.2016.7533805"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-011-2106-6","article-title":"Feasibility of computed tomography based thermometry during interstitial laser heating in bovine liver","volume":"21","author":"Pandeya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5705","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/58\/16\/5705","article-title":"Experimental assessment of CT-based thermometry during laser ablation of porcine pancreas","volume":"58","author":"Schena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3109\/02656731003605654","article-title":"Multi-slice computed tomography: A tool for non-invasive temperature measurement?","volume":"26","author":"Bruners","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-013-1306-5","article-title":"Temperature imaging of laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT) by MRI: Evaluation of different sequences in phantom","volume":"29","author":"Bazrafshan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1080\/02656730400007212","article-title":"MR-guided laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT) of liver tumours: Experimental and clinical data","volume":"20","author":"Vogl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2015.04.001","article-title":"Magnetic resonance-based thermometry during laser ablation on ex-vivo swine pancreas and liver","volume":"37","author":"Allegretti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Welch, A.J., and Polhamus, G.D. (1984). Measurement and prediction of thermal injury in the retina of the rhesus monkey. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 633\u2013644.","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1984.325313"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1900110304","article-title":"Temperature along the surface of modified fiber tips for Nd: YAG laser angioplasty","volume":"11","author":"Verdaasdonk","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"317","article-title":"Experimental study of laparoscopic laser-induced thermotherapy for liver tumours","volume":"84","author":"Germer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1159\/000019835","article-title":"Interstitial laser therapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"35","author":"Muschter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2210895","article-title":"Theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation of laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy in ex vivo porcine pancreas","volume":"59","author":"Saccomandi","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s101030050036","article-title":"Changes in local hepatic blood perfusion during interstitial laser-induced thermotherapy of normal rat liver measured by interstitial laser Doppler flowmetry","volume":"14","author":"Sturesson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.37.001256","article-title":"Changes in spectral shape of tissue optical properties in conjunction with laser-induced thermotherapy","volume":"37","author":"Nilsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-013-1360-z","article-title":"Temperature monitoring and lesion volume estimation during double-applicator laser-induced thermotherapy in ex vivo swine pancreas: A preliminary study","volume":"29","author":"Saccomandi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2013.832411","article-title":"Techniques for temperature monitoring during laser-induced thermotherapy: An overview","volume":"29","author":"Saccomandi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2015.1009180","article-title":"Thermometry and ablation monitoring with ultrasound","volume":"31","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yukhnev, A., Tarkhov, D., Gataulin, Y., Ivanova, Y., and Berkovich, A. (2019, January 10\u201312). Neural Network Methods of HIFU-Therapy Control by Infrared Thermography and Ultrasound Thermometry. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Neural Networks, Moscow, Russia.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22808-8_59"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3330","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2019.2904087","article-title":"Real-time photoacoustic thermometry combined with clinical ultrasound imaging and high-intensity focused ultrasound","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2011.599357","article-title":"A feasibility study for non-invasive thermometry using non-linear ultrasound","volume":"27","author":"Verweij","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22206","article-title":"Real-time MR thermometry for monitoring HIFU ablations of the liver","volume":"63","author":"Holbrook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. An Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3152112","article-title":"Volumetric HIFU ablation under 3D guidance of rapid MRI thermometry","volume":"36","author":"Mougenot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40349-015-0026-7","article-title":"Quality of MR thermometry during palliative MR-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (MR-HIFU) treatment of bone metastases","volume":"3","author":"Lam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ther. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/02656730802064621","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo evaluations of increased effective beam width for heat deposition using a split focus high intensity ultrasound (HIFU) transducer","volume":"24","author":"Patel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40349-016-0052-0","article-title":"DCE-MRI and IVIM-MRI of rabbit Vx2 tumors treated with MR-HIFU-induced mild hyperthermia","volume":"4","author":"Lam","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ther. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2010.07.007","article-title":"Beam localization in HIFU temperature measurements using thermocouples, with application to cooling by large blood vessels","volume":"51","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karab\u00f6ce, B., \u00c7etin, E., Durmu\u015f, H.O., \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, H., Mahmat, K., G\u00fcler, M.A., and Korkmaz, H. (2018, January 8\u201310). Variation of Temperature Responses Resulting from HIFU Application According to Acoustic Parameters. Proceedings of the 2018 Medical Technologies National Congress (TIPTEKNO), Magusa, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIPTEKNO.2018.8596913"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karab\u00f6ce, B., \u00c7etin, E., and Durmu\u015f, H.O. (2016, January 15\u201318). Investigation of temperature rise in tissue\u2014Mimicking material induced by a HIFU transducer. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA), Benevento, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA.2016.7533737"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.214.1.r00ja06290","article-title":"Prostate cancer: MR imaging and thermometry during microwave thermal ablation-initial experience","volume":"214","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2006.02.016","article-title":"An easy-to-use microwave hyperthermia system combined with spatially resolved MR temperature maps: Phantom and animal studies","volume":"135","author":"Demura","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-007-0646-6","article-title":"MR thermometry for monitoring tumor ablation","volume":"17","author":"Mougenot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2019.10.020","article-title":"Practical implementation of robust MR-thermometry during clinical MR-guided microwave ablations in the liver at 1.5 T","volume":"67","author":"Gorny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schena, E., Giurazza, F., Massaroni, C., Fong, Y., Park, J.J., and Saccomandi, P. (2017, January 22\u201325). Thermometry based on computed tomography images during microwave ablation: Trials on ex vivo porcine liver. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Turin, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2017.7969940"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saccomandi, P., De Landro, M., Massaroni, C., Fong, Y., Park, J., Park, J., and Schena, E. (2019, January 26\u201328). Temperature map of kidneys undergoing microwave ablation using computed tomography-thermometry: Ex-vivo experiments and numerical simulations. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA), Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA.2019.8802197"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000001081","article-title":"Computed Tomography Thermography for Ablation Zone Prediction in Microwave Ablation and Cryoablation: Advantages and Challenges in an Ex Vivo Porcine Liver Model","volume":"44","author":"Pohlan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2014.06.007","article-title":"Microwave thermal ablation of spinal metastatic bone tumors","volume":"25","author":"Kastler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2016.09.030","article-title":"Feasibility of real-time intraprocedural temperature control during bone metastasis thermal microwave ablation: A bicentric retrospective study","volume":"28","author":"Kastler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/02656730701397841","article-title":"Phantom experimental study on microwave ablation with a water-cooled antenna","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W46","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.6707","article-title":"Comparison of microwave ablation and multipolar radiofrequency ablation in vivo using two internally cooled probes","volume":"198","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2423052028","article-title":"Liver cancer: Increased microwave delivery to ablation zone with cooled-shaft antenna\u2014experimental and clinical studies","volume":"242","author":"Kuang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2010.536967","article-title":"Comparison of microwave ablation and multipolar radiofrequency ablation, both using a pair of internally cooled interstitial applicators: Results in ex vivo porcine livers","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vita, E., Zaltieri, M., De Tommasi, F., Massaroni, C., Faiella, E., Zobel, B.B., Iadicicco, A., Schena, E., Grasso, R.F., and Campopiano, S. (2020). Multipoint Temperature Monitoring of Microwave Thermal Ablation in Bones through Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Arrays. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113200"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaltieri, M., De Vita, E., De Tommasi, F., Massaroni, C., Faiella, E., Zobel, B.B., Iadicicco, A., Schena, E., Grasso, R.F., and Campopiano, S. (2020, January 25\u201328). Evaluation of the Thermal Response of Liver Tissue Undergoing Microwave Treatment by Means of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Sensors, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/SENSORS47125.2020.9278851"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Tommasi, F., Zaltieri, M., Schena, E., Massaroni, C., Faiella, E., Grasso, R.F., Zobel, B.B., De Vita, E., Iadicicco, A., and Campopiano, S. (2020, January 3\u20135). Temperature Monitoring During Microwave Thermal Ablation of Ex Vivo Bovine Bone: A Pilot Test. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 & IoT, Roma, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroInd4.0IoT48571.2020.9138272"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"152","article-title":"Real-time monitoring of radiofrequency ablation of rabbit liver by respiratory-gated quantitative temperature MRI","volume":"24","author":"Quesson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging An Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-009-1611-3","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation of small liver malignancies under magnetic resonance guidance: Progress in targeting and preliminary observations with temperature monitoring","volume":"20","author":"Terraz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/02656730500070102","article-title":"Methods and potentials of magnetic resonance imaging for monitoring radiofrequency hyperthermia in a hybrid system","volume":"21","author":"Gellermann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"2913","article-title":"Thermographic real-time-monitoring of surgical radiofrequency and microwave ablation in a perfused porcine liver model","volume":"15","author":"Primavesi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47001","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.53.047001","article-title":"Comparison of ultrasound temperature imaging with infrared thermometry during radio frequency ablation","volume":"53","author":"Geng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y.-D., Li, Q., Zhou, Z., Yeah, Y.-W., Chang, C.-C., Lee, C.-Y., and Tsui, P.-H. (2017). Adaptive ultrasound temperature imaging for monitoring radiofrequency ablation. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182457"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4735","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/16\/008","article-title":"Dynamic frame selection for in vivo ultrasound temperature estimation during radiofrequency ablation","volume":"55","author":"Daniels","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(01)00519-1","article-title":"Ultrasound monitoring of temperature change during radiofrequency ablation: Preliminary in-vivo results","volume":"28","author":"Varghese","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)01129-8","article-title":"Laparoscopic and computed tomography-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of renal tissue: Acute and chronic effects in an animal model","volume":"57","author":"Crowley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-009-9524-8","article-title":"Thermal protection during percutaneous thermal ablation procedures: Interest of carbon dioxide dissection and temperature monitoring","volume":"32","author":"Buy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1097\/01.RVI.0000096769.74047.5","article-title":"Remote thermometry to avoid complications in radiofrequency ablation","volume":"14","author":"Diehn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199804000-00018","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation of porcine liver in vivo: Effects of blood flow and treatment time on lesion size","volume":"227","author":"Patterson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.175.5.1751263","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation of spinal tumors: Temperature distribution in the spinal canal","volume":"175","author":"Dupuy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.5.001799","article-title":"Fiber-optic chirped FBG for distributed thermal monitoring of ex-vivo radiofrequency ablation of liver","volume":"5","author":"Tosi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saccomandi, P., Schena, E., Diana, M., Di Matteo, F.M., Costamagna, G., and Marescaux, J. (2016, January 16\u201320). Multipoint temperature monitoring in liver undergoing computed tomography-guided radiofrequency ablation with fiber Bragg grating probes. Proceedings of the 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2016.7591893"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tosi, D., Macchi, E.G., and Cigada, A. (2015). Fiber-optic temperature and pressure sensors applied to radiofrequency thermal ablation in liver phantom: Methodology and experimental measurements. J. Sens., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/909012"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117004","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.19.11.117004","article-title":"Optical fiber sensors-based temperature distribution measurement in ex vivo radiofrequency ablation with submillimeter resolution","volume":"19","author":"Macchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1109\/10.880104","article-title":"Temperature measurement within myocardium during in vitro RF catheter ablation","volume":"47","author":"Cao","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2005.00324.x","article-title":"Comparison of radiofrequency ablation in normal versus scarred myocardium","volume":"17","author":"Kovoor","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2004.12.026","article-title":"Microbubbles during radiofrequency catheter ablation: Composition and formation","volume":"2","author":"Wood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hear. Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaltieri, M., Allegretti, G., Massaroni, C., Schena, E., and Cauti, F.M. (2020). Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Millimetric-Scale Temperature Monitoring of Cardiac Tissue Undergoing Radiofrequency Ablation: A Feasibility Assessment. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226490"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schena, E., Tosi, D., Saccomandi, P., Lewis, E., and Kim, T. (2016). Fiber optic sensors for temperature monitoring during thermal treatments: An overview. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071144"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2011.1960","article-title":"The feasibility of using thermal strain imaging to regulate energy delivery during intracardiac radio-frequency ablation","volume":"58","author":"Seo","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.110.961169","article-title":"Direct measurement of the lethal isotherm for radiofrequency ablation of myocardial tissue","volume":"4","author":"Wood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.110.942433","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of tissue heating during cardiac radiofrequency ablation using MRI thermography","volume":"3","author":"Kolandaivelu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"376","article-title":"MR thermometry","volume":"27","author":"Rieke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging An Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20090","article-title":"Referenceless PRF shift thermometry","volume":"51","author":"Rieke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. An Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1159\/000102479","article-title":"V RF lesion generation","volume":"39","author":"Burton","year":"1976","journal-title":"Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1159\/000102478","article-title":"Electrophysiologic principles of radiofrequency lesion making","volume":"39","author":"Organ","year":"1976","journal-title":"Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.67.1.124","article-title":"Electrode radius predicts lesion radius during radiofrequency energy heating. Validation of a proposed thermodynamic model","volume":"67","author":"Haines","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Ulucakli, M.E. (2006, January 1\u20132). Simulation of Radiofrequency Ablation and Thermal Damage to Tissue. Proceedings of the IEEE 32nd Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, Easton, PA, USA."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1109\/10.284921","article-title":"Numerical model for radio-frequency ablation of the endocardium and its experimental validation","volume":"41","author":"Labonte","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1305516","article-title":"Review of temperature measurement","volume":"71","author":"Childs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/02656738609019990","article-title":"The practical use of thermocouples for temperature measurement in clinical hyperthermia","volume":"2","author":"Carnochan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"2325","article-title":"Thermal dosimetry and temperature measurements","volume":"39","author":"Christensen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.90.3.1279","article-title":"Temperature monitoring during radiofrequency catheter ablation procedures using closed loop control. Atakr Multicenter Investigators Group","volume":"90","author":"Calkins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2019.12.015","article-title":"A lattice-tip temperature-controlled radiofrequency ablation catheter for wide thermal lesions: First-in-human experience with atrial fibrillation","volume":"6","author":"Anter","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059422","article-title":"Radiofrequency coagulation of ventricular myocardium: Improved prediction of lesion size by monitoring catheter tip temperature","volume":"10","author":"Hindricks","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009864111507","article-title":"Temperature-controlled radiofrequency ablation of cardiac tissue: An in vitro study of the impact of electrode orientation, electrode tissue contact pressure and external convective cooling","volume":"3","author":"Petersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Interv. Card. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.2.319","article-title":"Lesion dimensions during temperature-controlled radiofrequency catheter ablation of left ventricular porcine myocardium: Impact of ablation site, electrode size, and convective cooling","volume":"99","author":"Petersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1114\/1.1310218","article-title":"In Vitro Temperature Map of Cardiac Ablation Demonstrates the Effect of Flow on Lesion Development","volume":"28","author":"Jain","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Pollock, D.D. (1991). Thermocouples: Theory and Properties, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"52","article-title":"Thermocouple temperature measurement","volume":"26","author":"Kinzie","year":"1973","journal-title":"PhT"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1109\/10.915708","article-title":"Flow effect on lesion formation in RF cardiac catheter ablation","volume":"48","author":"Cao","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2003.00123.x","article-title":"Tissue Temperature-Controlled Radiofrequency Ablation","volume":"26","author":"Eick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.625","article-title":"Thermal esophageal lesions after radiofrequency catheter ablation of left atrial arrhythmias","volume":"105","author":"Halm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"385","article-title":"Incidence of asymptomatic oesophageal lesions after atrial fibrillation ablation using an oesophageal temperature probe with insulated thermocouples: A comparative controlled study","volume":"19","author":"Halbfass","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ep Eur."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/16070658.1982.11689261","article-title":"Error sources affecting thermocouple thermometry in RF electromagnetic fields","volume":"17","author":"Chakraborty","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Microw. Power"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19800606","article-title":"A source of thermocouple error in radiofrequency electric fields","volume":"16","author":"Chakraborty","year":"1980","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1991.tb04111.x","article-title":"Assessment of effects of a radiofrequency energy field and thermistor location in an electrode catheter on the accuracy of temperature measurement","volume":"14","author":"Blouin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(94)90394-8","article-title":"Temperature-guided radiofrequency catheter ablation of closed-chest ventricular myocardium with a novel thermistor-tipped catheter","volume":"127","author":"Pires","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1995.tb00399.x","article-title":"Temperature measurement as a determinant of tissue heating during radiofrequency catheter ablation: An examination of electrode thermistor positioning for measurement accuracy","volume":"6","author":"McRury","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.86.5.1469","article-title":"Temperature monitoring during radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory pathways","volume":"86","author":"Langberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014878","article-title":"Temperature-controlled radiofrequency catheter ablation of manifest accessory pathways","volume":"17","author":"Willems","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2006.00745.x","article-title":"Impedance and temperature monitoring improve the safety of closed-loop irrigated-tip radiofrequency ablation","volume":"18","author":"Thiagalingam","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.083.015","article-title":"An investigation of the stability of thermistors","volume":"83","author":"Wood","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2005.40825.x","article-title":"Esophageal temperature monitoring during radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation","volume":"16","author":"Redfearn","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez, I., Lequerica, J.L., Berjano, E.J., Herrero, M., and Hornero, F. (2007). Esophageal temperature monitoring during radiofrequency catheter ablation: Experimental study based on an agar phantom model. Physiol. Meas.","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/28\/5\/001"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"85","article-title":"Fiberoptic thermometry and its applications","volume":"22","author":"Wickersheim","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Microw. Power Electromagn. Energy"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.3109\/02656739009140966","article-title":"Interstitial microwave hyperthermia applicators having submillimetre diameters","volume":"6","author":"Gottueb","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.89.5.2390","article-title":"Microwave catheter ablation of myocardium in vitro. Assessment of the characteristics of tissue heating and injury","volume":"89","author":"Whayne","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2013.879744","article-title":"Experimental characterisation of the thermal lesion induced by microwave ablation","volume":"30","author":"Lopresto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/52\/6\/006","article-title":"Temperature and SAR measurement errors in the evaluation of metallic linear structures heating during MRI using fluoroptic\u00ae probes","volume":"52","author":"Mattei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3309439","article-title":"Observation and correction of transient cavitation-induced PRFS thermometry artifacts during radiofrequency ablation, using simultaneous Ultrasound\/MR imaging","volume":"37","author":"Viallon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2005.40747.x","article-title":"A thermochromic dispersive electrode can measure the underlying skin temperature and prevent burns during radiofrequency ablation","volume":"16","author":"Thiagalingam","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2003.t01-1-00173.x","article-title":"High incidence of thrombus formation without impedance rise during radiofrequency ablation using electrode temperature control","volume":"26","author":"Matsudaira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3869","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1143285","article-title":"Fiber-optic high-temperature sensor based on the fluorescence lifetime of alexandrite","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1515\/REVAC.1999.18.4.235","article-title":"Fluorescence-based thermometry: Principles and applications","volume":"18","author":"Lou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2006.00417.x","article-title":"Protection of the coronary arteries during epicardial radiofrequency ablation with intracoronary chilled saline irrigation: Assessment in an in vitro model","volume":"17","author":"Thyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.51.193","article-title":"Temperature-controlled cooled-tip radiofrequency ablation in left ventricular myocardium","volume":"51","author":"Watanabe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2018.03.007","article-title":"Fiber optic sensors for sub-centimeter spatially resolved measurements: Review and biomedical applications","volume":"43","author":"Tosi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"53","article-title":"Novel Optical Fibers-Draw-tower process creates high-quality FBG arrays","volume":"48","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laser Focus World"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.000765","article-title":"Effect of femtosecond photo-treatment on inscription of fiber Bragg gratings","volume":"41","author":"Shamir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/LSENS.2019.2932910","article-title":"Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor for Temperature Monitoring During HIFU Ablation of Ex Vivo Breast Fibroadenoma","volume":"3","author":"Jelbuldina","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1109\/50.618322","article-title":"Fiber grating spectra","volume":"15","author":"Erdogan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2014.922221","article-title":"CT-based thermometry: An overview","volume":"30","author":"Fani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910340606","article-title":"A precise and fast temperature mapping using water proton chemical shift","volume":"34","author":"Ishihara","year":"1995","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910330111","article-title":"Noninvasive MRI thermometry with the proton resonance frequency (PRF) method: In vivo results in human muscle","volume":"33","author":"Poorter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10608","article-title":"Triggered, navigated, multi-baseline method for proton resonance frequency temperature mapping with respiratory motion","volume":"50","author":"Vigen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. An Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5872","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-3952","article-title":"Noninvasive magnetic resonance thermography of recurrent rectal carcinoma in a 1.5 Tesla hybrid system","volume":"65","author":"Gellermann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22114","article-title":"Noninvasive magnetic resonance thermography of soft tissue sarcomas during regional hyperthermia: Correlation with response and direct thermometry","volume":"107","author":"Gellermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2271020395","article-title":"MR imaging\u2013guided focused ultrasound surgery of uterine leiomyomas: A feasibility study","volume":"226","author":"Tempany","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2011.03.008","article-title":"MR-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment for symptomatic uterine leiomyomata: Long-term outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2019.01.003","article-title":"Magnetic resonance thermometry and its biological applications\u2013Physical principles and practical considerations","volume":"110","author":"Parker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2015.1108462","article-title":"Magnetic resonance thermometry: Methodology, pitfalls and practical solutions","volume":"32","author":"Winter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880080132","article-title":"Temperature monitoring of interstitial thermal tissue coagulation using MR phase images","volume":"8","author":"Stollberger","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. imaging"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1006\/jmrb.1994.1035","article-title":"The proton-resonance-frequency-shift method compared with molecular diffusion for quantitative measurement of two-dimensional time-dependent temperature distribution in a phantom","volume":"103","author":"Depoorter","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4582","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1726676","article-title":"Proton resonance shift of water in the gas and liquid states","volume":"44","author":"Hindman","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hore, P.J. (2015). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/hesc\/9780198703419.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910380523","article-title":"Temperature mapping using the water proton chemical shift: A chemical shift selective phase mapping method","volume":"38","author":"Kuroda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1709","article-title":"Towards optimized MR thermometry of the human heart at 3T","volume":"25","author":"Hey","year":"2012","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1771","article-title":"Feasibility of fast MR-thermometry during cardiac radiofrequency ablation","volume":"25","author":"Roujol","year":"2012","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"1","article-title":"Feasibility of real-time MR thermal dose mapping for predicting radiofrequency ablation outcome in the myocardium in vivo","volume":"19","author":"Toupin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26158","article-title":"Improved cardiac magnetic resonance thermometry and dosimetry for monitoring lesion formation during catheter ablation","volume":"77","author":"Ozenne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aa51f9","article-title":"Combination of principal component analysis and optical-flow motion compensation for improved cardiac MR thermometry","volume":"62","author":"Toupin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5014","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3475943","article-title":"Hybrid referenceless and multibaseline subtraction MR thermometry for monitoring thermal therapies in moving organs","volume":"37","author":"Grissom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/016173467900100103","article-title":"In vivo temperature dependence of ultrasound speed in tissue and its application to noninvasive temperature monitoring","volume":"1","author":"Nasoni","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ultrason. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"57","article-title":"Measurement of the temperature dependence of the velocity of ultrasound in soft tissues","volume":"525","author":"Bowen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ultrason. Tissue Charact. II"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-5629(79)90083-8","article-title":"Ultrasonic attenuation and propagation speed in mammalian tissues as a function of temperature","volume":"5","author":"Bamber","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prakash, O., Fabbri, M., Drocourt, M., Escanye, J.-M., Marchal, C., Gaulard, M.-L., and Robert, J. (1980, January 5\u20137). Hyperthermia induction and its measurement using ultrasound. Proceedings of the 1980 Ultrasonics Symposium, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.1980.197562"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1109\/58.710592","article-title":"Two-dimensional temperature estimation using diagnostic ultrasound","volume":"45","author":"Simon","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"12","article-title":"Real-time 2-D temperature imaging using ultrasound","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-019-00407-z","article-title":"Preliminary analysis of ultrasound elastography imaging-based thermometry on non-perfused ex vivo swine liver","volume":"23","author":"Giurazza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemor, R.M., Kleffner, B.V., Tretbar, S., and Schmitt, R.M. (2002). Ultrasound temperature and attenuation monitoring for controlling the laser induced thermo therapy. Acoustical Imaging, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47107-8_55"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-008-0715-4","article-title":"Ultrasound monitoring of a novel microwave ablation (MWA) device in porcine liver: Lessons learned and phenomena observed on ablative effects near major intrahepatic vessels","volume":"13","author":"Garrean","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.86646","article-title":"Clinical ultrasound physics","volume":"4","author":"Hefny","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Emergencies Trauma Shock"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2004.1320832","article-title":"Temperature estimation using ultrasonic spatial compound imaging","volume":"51","author":"Pernot","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1109\/10.398644","article-title":"Noninvasive estimation of tissue temperature response to heating fields using diagnostic ultrasound","volume":"42","author":"Seip","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/02656730500159103","article-title":"Non-invasive estimation of hyperthermia temperatures with ultrasound","volume":"21","author":"Arthur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-004-0253-9","article-title":"A review of the general aspects of radiofrequency ablation","volume":"30","author":"Ni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Abdom. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_173","unstructured":"Ueno, S., Hashimoto, M., Fukukita, H., and Yano, T. (1990, January 4\u20137). Ultrasound thermometry in hyperthermia. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Ultrasonics, Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_174","unstructured":"Arthur, R.M., Trobaugh, J.W., Straube, W.L., Moros, E.G., and Sangkatumvong, S. (2003, January 5\u20138). Temperature dependence of ultrasonic backscattered energy in images compensated for tissue motion. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Ultrasonics, Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_175","unstructured":"Milonov, O.B., Lebedeva, O.D., and Pomelova, L.A. (1980). Use of echography and thermography in parasitic liver diseases. Sov. Med., 62."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.5152\/jtgga.2010.24","article-title":"Comparison of standard mammography with digital mammography and digital infrared thermal imaging for breast cancer screening","volume":"11","author":"Duran","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Turkish Ger. Gynecol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1177\/14746514080080020901","article-title":"Investigation of peripheral vascular disorders using thermal imaging","volume":"8","author":"Bagavathiappan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Diabetes Vasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2009.10.006","article-title":"Study of normal ocular thermogram using textural parameters","volume":"53","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/RUQ.0000000000000300","article-title":"Noninvasive thermometry in high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation","volume":"33","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Q."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, Q., Yu, Y., and Guofeng, S. (2020, January 17\u201319). Theoretical framework for quantitatively estimating harmonic intensity in focused ultrasound field using infrared thermometry. Proceedings of the 2020 13th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, BioMedical Engineering and Informatics (CISP-BMEI), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP-BMEI51763.2020.9263599"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1109\/42.746635","article-title":"A reappraisal of the use of infrared thermal image analysis in medicine","volume":"17","author":"Jones","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R27","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/15\/9\/R01","article-title":"Recent advances in the use of infrared thermography","volume":"15","author":"Meola","year":"2004","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaussorgues, G., and Chomet, S. (1993). Infrared Thermography, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-0711-2"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386022-4.00009-1","article-title":"Spectral emissivity measurements","volume":"Volume 46","author":"Watanabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/18\/5\/307","article-title":"Spectral emissivity of skin and pericardium","volume":"18","author":"Steketee","year":"1973","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2005.07.010","article-title":"Direct imaging of transvenous radiofrequency cardiac ablation using a steerable fiberoptic infrared endoscope","volume":"2","author":"Knight","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hear. Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.6.002494","article-title":"Near-infrared spectroscopy integrated catheter for characterization of myocardial tissues: Preliminary demonstrations to radiofrequency ablation therapy for atrial fibrillation","volume":"6","author":"Marboe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005667","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.117.005667","article-title":"High-resolution infrared thermography of esophageal temperature during radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation","volume":"11","author":"Daly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006814","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.118.006814","article-title":"Atrial Fibrillation Thermographic and Endoscopic Monitoring of Patients: Safety Algorithm for the Esophagus: AF TEMP-SAFE Study","volume":"11","author":"Hummel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borne, R.T., and Nguyen, D.T. (2018). Red Alert: Infrared Thermography for Esophageal Monitoring. Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol., 11.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.118.006113"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2016.02.022","article-title":"Infrared thermography: A non-invasive window into thermal physiology","volume":"202","author":"Tattersall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/4\/1453\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:26:14Z","timestamp":1760160374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/4\/1453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"references-count":191,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s21041453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21041453","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]}}}