{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:39:37Z","timestamp":1780501177576,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0020\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0020\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2020, over 10,000 bird strikes were reported in the USA, with average repair costs exceeding $200 million annually, rising to $1.2 billion worldwide. These collisions of avifauna with airplanes pose a significant threat to human safety and wildlife. This article presents a system dedicated to monitoring the space over an airport and is used to localize and identify moving objects. The solution is a stereovision based real-time bird protection system, which uses IoT and distributed computing concepts together with advanced HMI to provide the setup\u2019s flexibility and usability. To create a high degree of customization, a modified stereovision system with freely oriented optical axes is proposed. To provide a market tailored solution affordable for small and medium size airports, a user-driven design methodology is used. The mathematical model is implemented and optimized in MATLAB. The implemented system prototype is verified in a real environment. The quantitative validation of the system performance is carried out using fixed-wing drones with GPS recorders. The results obtained prove the system\u2019s high efficiency for detection and size classification in real-time, as well as a high degree of localization certainty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T03:00:37Z","timestamp":1613790037000},"page":"1464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Runway Safety System Based on Vertically Oriented Stereovision"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Dawid","family":"Gradolewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioseco Sp. z. o. o., Budowlanych 68, 80-298 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Blekinge Institute of Technology, 371 79 Karlskrona, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damian","family":"Dziak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioseco Sp. z. o. o., Budowlanych 68, 80-298 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damian","family":"Kaniecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioseco Sp. z. o. o., Budowlanych 68, 80-298 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Jaworski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioseco Sp. z. o. o., Budowlanych 68, 80-298 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Skakuj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ekoaviation, ul. Piecewska 30B\/16, 80-288 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wlodek J.","family":"Kulesza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Blekinge Institute of Technology, 371 79 Karlskrona, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, December 23). When Birds Strike. Available online: https:\/\/www.historynet.com\/when-birds-strike.htm."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"9251","article-title":"Bird-strike aircraft accidents and their prevention","volume":"10","author":"Meer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2020, December 23). FAA Wildlife Strike Database, Available online: https:\/\/wildlife.faa.gov\/home."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2020, December 23). European Union Aviation Safety Agency. 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