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Sears Foundation&quot;","award":["Leila Kheirandish-Gozal and David Gozal were in receipt of a grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Leila Kheirandish-Gozal and David Gozal were in receipt of a grant"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focused on the automatic analysis of the airflow signal (AF) to aid in the diagnosis of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Thus, our aims were: (i) to characterize the overnight AF characteristics using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) approach, (ii) to evaluate its diagnostic utility, and (iii) to assess its complementarity with the 3% oxygen desaturation index (ODI3). In order to reach these goals, we analyzed 946 overnight pediatric AF recordings in three stages: (i) DWT-derived feature extraction, (ii) feature selection, and (iii) pattern recognition. AF recordings from OSA patients showed both lower detail coefficients and decreased activity associated with the normal breathing band. Wavelet analysis also revealed that OSA disturbed the frequency and energy distribution of the AF signal, increasing its irregularity. Moreover, the information obtained from the wavelet analysis was complementary to ODI3. In this regard, the combination of both wavelet information and ODI3 achieved high diagnostic accuracy using the common OSA-positive cutoffs: 77.97%, 81.91%, and 90.99% (AdaBoost.M2), and 81.96%, 82.14%, and 90.69% (Bayesian multi-layer perceptron) for 1, 5, and 10 apneic events\/hour, respectively. Hence, these findings suggest that DWT properly characterizes OSA-related severity as embedded in nocturnal AF, and could simplify the diagnosis of pediatric OSA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,21]],"date-time":"2021-02-21T22:04:15Z","timestamp":1613945055000},"page":"1491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Wavelet Analysis of Overnight Airflow to Detect Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5648-206X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Barroso-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Group, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1237-3424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo C.","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Tobal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Group, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8195-6036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Gozal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, The University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Vaquerizo-Villar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Group, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1027-2395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Group, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 47011 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Sleep-Ventilation Unit, Pneumology Department, R\u00edo Hortega University Hospital, 47012 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4554-2167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"del Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Group, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 47011 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Sleep-Ventilation Unit, Pneumology Department, R\u00edo Hortega University Hospital, 47012 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Kheirandish-Gozal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, The University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9915-2570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Hornero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Group, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00385-2015","article-title":"Obstructive sleep disordered breathing in 2- to 18-year-old children: Diagnosis and management","volume":"47","author":"Kaditis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. 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