{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:49:47Z","timestamp":1760233787366,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15HD093086","R01HD053727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15HD093086","R01HD053727"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Individual Research and Development Plan"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Individual Research and Development Plan"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Whitaker Founndation","award":["International Fellowship Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["International Fellowship Award"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Unit for Scientific and Technological Cooperation)","award":["FP7-PEOPLE-2012-CIG-334201 (REMAKE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP7-PEOPLE-2012-CIG-334201 (REMAKE)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many survivors of stroke have persistent somatosensory deficits on the contralesional side of their body. Non-invasive supplemental feedback of limb movement could enhance the accuracy and efficiency of actions involving the upper extremity, potentially improving quality of life after stroke. In this proof-of-concept study, we evaluated the feasibility and the immediate effects of providing supplemental kinesthetic feedback to stroke survivors, performing goal-directed actions with the contralesional arm. Three survivors of stroke in the chronic stage of recovery participated in experimental sessions wherein they performed reaching and stabilization tasks with the contralesional arm under different combinations of visual and vibrotactile feedback, which was induced on the ipsilesional arm. Movement kinematics were encoded by a vibrotactile feedback interface in two ways: state feedback\u2014an optimal combination of hand position and velocity; and error feedback\u2014the difference between the actual hand position and its instantaneous target. In each session we evaluated the feedback encoding scheme\u2019s immediate objective utility for improving motor performance as well as its perceived usefulness. All three participants improved their stabilization performance using at least one of the feedback encoding schemes within just one experimental session. Two of the participants also improved reaching performance with one or the other of the encoding schemes. Although the observed beneficial effects were modest in each participant, these preliminary findings show that supplemental vibrotactile kinesthetic feedback can be readily interpreted and exploited to improve reaching and object stabilizing actions performed with the contralesional arm after stroke. These short-term training results motivate a longer multisession training study using personalized vibrotactile feedback as a means to improve the accuracy and efficacy of contralesional arm actions after stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T20:42:51Z","timestamp":1614026571000},"page":"1519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effect of Short-Term Exposure to Supplemental Vibrotactile Kinesthetic Feedback on Goal-Directed Movements after Stroke: A Proof of Concept Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3138-2366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Ballardini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Department Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Krueger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA"}]},{"given":"Psiche","family":"Giannoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0620-7654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucio","family":"Marinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2338-8995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maura","family":"Casadio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Department Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2024-5051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert A.","family":"Scheidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA"},{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"},{"name":"Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation, National Science Foundation, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30499-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Feigin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70150-4","article-title":"Motor recovery after stroke: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Langhorne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968316666957","article-title":"Effects of robot-assisted therapy for the upper limb after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Veerbeek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. 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