{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T16:14:48Z","timestamp":1770999288582,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Communicating in social and public environments are considered professional skills that can strongly influence career development. Therefore, it is important to proper train and evaluate students in this kind of abilities so that they can better interact in their professional relationships, during the resolution of problems, negotiations and conflict management. This is a complex problem as it involves corporal analysis and the assessment of aspects that until recently were almost impossible to quantitatively measure. Nowadays, a number of new technologies and sensors have being developed for the capture of different kinds of contextual and personal information, but these technologies were not yet fully integrated inside learning settings. In this context, this paper presents a framework to facilitate the analysis and detection of patterns of students in oral presentations. Four steps are proposed for the given framework: Data collection, Statistical Analysis, Clustering, and Sequential Pattern Mining. Data Collection step is responsible for the collection of students interactions during presentations and the arrangement of data for further analysis. Statistical Analysis provides a general understanding of the data collected by showing the differences and similarities of the presentations along the semester. The Clustering stage segments students into groups according to well-defined attributes helping to observe different corporal patterns of the students. Finally, Sequential Pattern Mining step complements the previous stages allowing the identification of sequential patterns of postures in the different groups. The framework was tested in a case study with data collected from 222 freshman students of Computer Engineering (CE) course at three different times during two different years. The analysis made it possible to segment the presenters into three distinct groups according to their corporal postures. The statistical analysis helped to assess how the postures of the students evolved throughout each year. The sequential pattern mining provided a complementary perspective for data evaluation and helped to observe the most frequent postural sequences of the students. Results show the framework could be used as a guidance to provide students automated feedback throughout their presentations and can serve as background information for future comparisons of students presentations from different undergraduate courses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T20:42:51Z","timestamp":1614026571000},"page":"1525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Learning Analytics Framework to Analyze Corporal Postures in Students Presentations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0126-8220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias, Tecnologias e Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Ararangu\u00e1 88906072, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6384-409X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Cechinel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias, Tecnologias e Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Ararangu\u00e1 88906072, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8319-743X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinicius","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias, Tecnologias e Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Ararangu\u00e1 88906072, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4491-0148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabi\u00e1n","family":"Riquelme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Inform\u00e1tica, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2362735, Chile"}]},{"given":"Rene","family":"Noel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Inform\u00e1tica, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2362735, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8711-3109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Villarroel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Inform\u00e1tica, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2362807, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9130-184X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hector","family":"Cornide-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Inform\u00e1tica y Ciencias de la Computaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Atacama, Copiap\u00f3 1531772, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1302-0206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Munoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Inform\u00e1tica, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2362735, Chile"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rickheit, G., and Strohner, H. (2008). Handbook of Communication Competence, Walter de Gruyter.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110199000"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"229","article-title":"Nonverbal signals","volume":"2","author":"Burgoon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Handb. Interpers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"269","article-title":"On communicative competence","volume":"269293","author":"Hymes","year":"1972","journal-title":"Sociolinguistics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00f6rtwein, T., Chollet, M., Schauerte, B., Morency, L.P., Stiefelhagen, R., and Scherer, S. (2015, January 9\u201313). Multimodal public speaking performance assessment. Proceedings of the 2015 ACM on International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2818346.2820762"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13037","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-08561-6","article-title":"Automatic multimodal assessment of soft skills in social interactions: A review","volume":"79","author":"Rasipuram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Feng, G., Joe, J., Leong, C.W., Kitchen, C., and Lee, C.M. (2014, January 12\u201316). Towards automated assessment of public speaking skills using multimodal cues. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1145\/2663204.2663265"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"235","article-title":"How virtual reality training can win friends and influence people","volume":"21","author":"Hart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Factors Def. Ashgate"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.18608\/jla.2016.32.11","article-title":"Multimodal Learning Analytics and Education Data Mining: Using computational technologies to measure complex learning tasks","volume":"3","author":"Blikstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Learn. Anal."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beyan, C., Carissimi, N., Capozzi, F., Vascon, S., Bustreo, M., Pierro, A., Becchio, C., and Murino, V. (2016, January 12\u201316). Detecting emergent leader in a meeting environment using nonverbal visual features only. Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/2993148.2993175"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"89","article-title":"Unraveling students\u2019 interaction around a tangible interface using multimodal learning analytics","volume":"7","author":"Schneider","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Educ. Data Min."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Mory, E.H. (2013). Feedback Research Revisited. Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12941","article-title":"Mapping Learning Analytics initiatives in Latin America","volume":"51","author":"Cechinel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"185","article-title":"Is there a conceptual difference between theoretical and conceptual frameworks?","volume":"38","author":"Imenda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/00012272-199906000-00011","article-title":"Middle range theory: Spinning research and practice to create knowledge for the new millennium","volume":"21","author":"Liehr","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Nurs. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Worsley, M. (2018, January 5\u20139). Multimodal Learning Analytics\u2019 Past, Present, and Potential Futures. Proceedings of the Companion Proceedings 8th International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge (LAK18) Creative Commons, CrossMMLA@ LAK, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"149","article-title":"Development of a Software that Supports Multimodal Learning Analytics: A Case Study on Oral Presentations","volume":"24","author":"Munoz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Univers. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Reilly, J., Ravenell, M., and Schneider, B. (2018, January 15\u201318). Exploring Collaboration Using Motion Sensors and Multi-Modal Learning Analytics. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, Buffalo, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, M.C.E., Ochoa, X., and Clarke, D. (2020). Multimodal learning analytics in a laboratory classroom. Machine Learning Paradigms, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-13743-4_8"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.02.006","article-title":"Fostering oral presentation competence through a virtual reality-based task for delivering feedback","volume":"134","author":"Gulikers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roque, F., Cechinel, C., Weber, T.O., Lemos, R., Villarroel, R., Miranda, D., and Munoz, R. (2019). Using Depth Cameras to Detect Patterns in Oral Presentations: A Case Study Comparing Two Generations of Computer Engineering Students. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19163493"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.08.007","article-title":"The NISPI framework: Analysing collaborative problem-solving from students\u2019 physical interactions","volume":"116","author":"Cukurova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Zhang, S., Zhang, Z., Xiao, W., and Yu, S. (2017). A framework for learning analytics using commodity wearable devices. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061382"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prieto, L.P., Rodr\u00edguez-Triana, M.J., Mart\u00ednez-Maldonado, R., Dimitriadis, Y., and Ga\u0161evi\u0107, D. (2019). Orchestrating learning analytics (OrLA): Supporting inter-stakeholder communication about adoption of learning analytics at the classroom level. Australas. J. Educ. Technol., 35.","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.4314"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Echeverria, V., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Granda, R., Chiluiza, K., Conati, C., and Shum, S.B. (2018, January 5\u20139). Driving data storytelling from learning design. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1145\/3170358.3170380"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Maldonado, R., Echeverria, V., Santos, O.C., Santos, A.D.P.D., and Yacef, K. (2018, January 5\u20139). Physical learning analytics: A multimodal perspective. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1145\/3170358.3170379"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2009.02.010","article-title":"Attention guidance in learning from a complex animation: Seeing is understanding?","volume":"20","author":"Tabbers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Learn. Instr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2019.02.001","article-title":"Uncovering the sequential patterns in transformative and non-transformative discourse during collaborative inquiry learning","volume":"41","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Internet High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornide-Reyes, H., No\u00ebl, R., Riquelme, F., Gajardo, M., Cechinel, C., Mac Lean, R., Becerra, C., Villarroel, R., and Munoz, R. (2019). Introducing Low-Cost Sensors into the Classroom Settings: Improving the Assessment in Agile Practices with Multimodal Learning Analytics. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19153291"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7","article-title":"Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis","volume":"20","author":"Rousseeuw","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Comput. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Leong, C.W., Feng, G., Lee, C.M., and Somasundaran, S. (2015, January 21\u201325). Utilizing multimodal cues to automatically evaluate public speaking performance. Proceedings of the International Conference on IEEE Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACII.2015.7344601"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Echeverria, V., Avenda\u00f1o, A., Chiluiza, K., V\u00e1squez, A., and Ochoa, X. (2014, January 12\u201316). Presentation skills estimation based on video and kinect data analysis. Proceedings of the 2014 ACM workshop on Multimodal Learning Analytics Workshop and Grand Challenge, Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1145\/2666633.2666641"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barmaki, R., and Hughes, C.E. (2015, January 9\u201313). Providing Real-Time Feedback for Student Teachers in a Virtual Rehearsal Environment. Proceedings of the 2015 ACM on International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, ICMI \u201915, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2818346.2830604"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibbons, J.D., and Chakraborti, S. (2011). Nonparametric statistical inference. International encyclopedia of statistical science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439896129"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1982.1056489","article-title":"Least squares quantization in PCM","volume":"28","author":"Lloyd","year":"1982","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect over time of a video-based reflection system on preservice teachers\u2019 oral presentations","volume":"39","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. J. Teach. Educ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289588","article-title":"Hierarchical clustering schemes","volume":"32","author":"Johnson","year":"1967","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2307\/1217208","article-title":"The comparison of dendrograms by objective methods","volume":"11","author":"Sokal","year":"1962","journal-title":"Taxon"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Agrawal, R., and Srikant, R. (1994, January 12\u201315). Fast Algorithms for Mining Association Rules in Large Databases. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, VLDB \u201994, Santiago, Chile."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Agrawal, R., and Srikant, R. (1995, January 6\u201310). Mining sequential patterns. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Data Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saraf, P., Sedamkar, R., and Rathi, S. (2015). PrefixSpan Algorithm for Finding Sequential Pattern with Various Constraints. Int. J. Appl. Inf. Syst. (IJAIS), 9.","DOI":"10.5120\/ijais15-451380"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, L., Liu, M., and Song, X. (2019). Multimodal Learning toward Micro-Video Understanding, Morgan & Claypool.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-02255-5"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, L., Zhang, L., Yang, Y., Wang, M., Hong, R., and Chua, T.S. (2015, January 26\u201330). Beyond Doctors: Future Health Prediction from Multimedia and Multimodal Observations. Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Multimedia, MM \u201915, Brisbane, Australia.","DOI":"10.1145\/2733373.2806217"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fournier-Viger, P., Lin, J.C.W., Gomariz, A., Gueniche, T., Soltani, A., Deng, Z., and Lam, H.T. (2016, January 19\u201323). The SPMF open-source data mining library version 2. Proceedings of the Joint European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases, Riva del Garda, Italy.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46131-1_8"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"54","article-title":"A survey of sequential pattern mining","volume":"1","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Data Sci. Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros, F., Conde, \u00c2., Soares, S.C., Neves, A.J., and Silva, S. (2020, January 24\u201326). Understanding Public Speakers\u2019 Performance: First Contributions to Support a Computational Approach. Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Analysis and Recognition, P\u00f3voa de Varzim, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-50347-5_30"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Tatnall, A. (2019). Multimodal Learning Analytics. Encyclopedia of Education and Information Technologies, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12987","article-title":"Controlled evaluation of a multimodal system to improve oral presentation skills in a real learning setting","volume":"51","author":"Ochoa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1109\/TPC.2020.3029673","article-title":"Editing the Pitch: Patterns of Editing Strategies of Written Pitches in a Chilean Accelerator Program","volume":"63","author":"Cabezas","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Prof. Commun."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/4\/1525\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:28:12Z","timestamp":1760160492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/4\/1525"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s21041525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21041525","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]}}}