{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T02:12:52Z","timestamp":1768443172863,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This study was funded within statutory activities of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland.","award":["504\/02719\/1060\/40.00010X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["504\/02719\/1060\/40.00010X"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents changes in the range and thickness of glaciers in Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No. 128 on King George Island in the period 1956\u20132015. The research indicates an intensification of the glacial retreat process over the last two decades, with the rate depending on the type of glacier front. In the period 2001\u20132015, the average recession rate of the ice cliffs of the Ecology Glacier and the northern part of the Baranowski Glacier was estimated to be approximately 15\u201325 m a\u22121 and 10\u201320 m a\u22121, respectively. Fronts of Sphinx Glacier and the southern part of the Baranowski Glacier, characterized by a gentle descent onto land, show a significantly lower rate of retreat (up to 5\u201310 m a\u22121 1). From 2001 to 2013, the glacier thickness in these areas decreased at an average rate of 1.7\u20132.5 m a\u22121 for the Ecology Glacier and the northern part of the Baranowski Glacier and 0.8\u20132.5 m a\u22121 for the southern part of the Baranowski Glacier and Sphinx Glacier. The presented deglaciation processes are related to changes of mass balance caused by the rapid temperature increase (1.0 \u00b0C since 1948). The work also contains considerations related to the important role of the longitudinal slope of the glacier surface in the connection of the glacier thickness changes and the front recession.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T20:19:36Z","timestamp":1614111576000},"page":"1532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Glacier Geometry Changes in the Western Shore of Admiralty Bay, King George Island over the Last Decades"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Pasik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology, Pl. Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7137-1667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Baku\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology, Pl. Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6316-8084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"R\u00f3\u017cycki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology, Pl. Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2103-1546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Ostrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology, Pl. Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4434-7829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria El\u017cbieta","family":"Kowalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology, Pl. Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0567-9863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Fija\u0142kowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology, Pl. Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6105-6487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Rajner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology, Pl. Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5983-7049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"\u0141api\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology, Pl. Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0403-7911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ireneusz","family":"Sobota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Department of Hydrology and Water Management, Polar Research Center, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Kejna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2602-4281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Osi\u0144ska-Skotak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology, Pl. Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2014). ATCM Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area No 128 Western Shore of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetland Islands. ATCM XXXVII Final Report, Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Marsz, A.A. (1979). Zatoka Admiralicji i jej wybrze\u017ca. Sprawozdania Gda\u0144skiego Towarzystwa Naukowego, Gda\u0144sk Scientific Society."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Furma\u0144czyk, K., and Marsz, A. (1980). South Shetland Islands, King George Island, Admiralty Bay, topographic Map 1:25,000 Scale, Institute of Geography, University of Gda\u0144sk."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Jankowski, A.T. (1983). Prace fotointerpretacyjne w Polskiej Stacji Antarktycznej im, H. Arctowskiego w sezonie badawczym 1978\/79. 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