{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T07:31:50Z","timestamp":1761291110342,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Normalized Hotspot Indices (NHI) tool is a Google Earth Engine (GEE)-App developed to investigate and map worldwide volcanic thermal anomalies in daylight conditions, using shortwave infrared (SWIR) and near infrared (NIR) data from the Multispectral Instrument (MSI) and the Operational Land Imager (OLI), respectively, onboard the Sentinel 2 and Landsat 8 satellites. The NHI tool offers the possibility of ingesting data from other sensors. In this direction, we tested the NHI algorithm for the first time on Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data. In this study, we show the results of this preliminary implementation, achieved investigating the Kilauea (Hawaii, USA), Klyuchevskoy (Kamchatka; Russia), Shishaldin (Alaska; USA), and Telica (Nicaragua) thermal activities of March 2000\u20132008. We assessed the NHI detections through comparison with the ASTER Volcano Archive (AVA), the manual inspection of satellite imagery, and the information from volcanological reports. Results show that NHI integrated the AVA observations, with a percentage of unique thermal anomaly detections ranging between 8.8% (at Kilauea) and 100% (at Shishaldin). These results demonstrate the successful NHI exportability to ASTER data acquired before the failure of SWIR subsystem. The full ingestion of the ASTER data collection, available in GEE, within the NHI tool allows us to develop a suite of multi-platform satellite observations, including thermal anomaly products from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), which could support the investigation of active volcanoes from space, complementing information from other systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T20:19:36Z","timestamp":1614111576000},"page":"1538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Implementation of the NHI (Normalized Hot Spot Indices) Algorithm on Infrared ASTER Data: Results and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5542-5191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Mazzeo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis (IMAA), Italian Research Council (CNR), 85050 Tito Scalo (PZ), Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8911-9187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micheal S.","family":"Ramsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology and Environmental Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7590-5638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Marchese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis (IMAA), Italian Research Council (CNR), 85050 Tito Scalo (PZ), Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8184-5635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Genzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7619-6685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Pergola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis (IMAA), Italian Research Council (CNR), 85050 Tito Scalo (PZ), Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s004450050174","article-title":"Low-cost volcano surveillance from space: Case studies from Etna, Krafla, Cerro Negro, Fogo, Lascar and Erebus","volume":"59","author":"Harris","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1029\/98EO00316","article-title":"Satellite monitoring of remote volcanoes improves study efforts in Alaska","volume":"79","author":"Dean","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6467","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802167105","article-title":"Thermal remote sensing of the low-intensity carbonatite volcanism of Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania","volume":"29","author":"Kervyn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1134\/S0742046312030049","article-title":"On precursor of Kamchatkan volcanoes eruptions based on data from satellite monitoring","volume":"6","author":"Girina","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Seismol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchese, F., Neri, M., Falconieri, A., Lacava, T., Mazzeo, G., Pergola, N., and Tramutoli, V. (2018). The Contribution of Multi-Sensor Infrared Satellite Observations to Monitor Mt. Etna (Italy) Activity during May to August 2016. Remote Sens., 10.","key":"ref_5","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10121948"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00030-5","article-title":"Automated volcanic eruption detection using MODIS","volume":"82","author":"Wright","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1144\/SP426.5","article-title":"Enhanced volcanic hot-spot detection using MODIS IR data: Results from the MIROVA system","volume":"426","author":"Coppola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1144\/SP426.1","article-title":"A review of RSTVOLC, an original algorithm for automatic detection and near-real-time monitoring of volcanic hot spots from space","volume":"426","author":"Pergola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1144\/SP426.31","article-title":"HOTVOLC: A web-based monitoring system for volcanic hot spots","volume":"426","author":"Gouhier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2003.12.014","article-title":"Spaceborne observations of the 2000 Bezymianny, Kamchatka eruption: The integration of high-resolution ASTER data into near real-time monitoring using AVHRR","volume":"135","author":"Ramsey","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.06.012","article-title":"ASTER observations of thermal anomalies preceding the April 2003 eruption of Chikurachki volcano, Kurile Islands, Russia","volume":"99","author":"Pieri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2016.04.027","article-title":"Predicting eruptions from precursory activity using remote sensing data hybridization","volume":"321","author":"Reath","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2019.03.019","article-title":"The AVTOD (ASTER Volcanic Thermal Output Database) Latin America archive","volume":"376","author":"Reath","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrams, M., and Yamaguchi, Y. (2019). Twenty years of ASTER contributions to lithologic mapping and mineral exploration. Remote Sens., 11.","key":"ref_14","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11111394"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2010.541501","article-title":"Evaluation of SWIR-based methods for quantifying active volcano radiant emissions using NASA EOS-ASTER data","volume":"2","author":"Blackett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1144\/SP426.23","article-title":"Synergistic use of satellite thermal detection and science: A decadal perspective using ASTER","volume":"426","author":"Ramsey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramsey, M.S., and Flynn, I.T. (2020). The Spatial and Spectral Resolution of ASTER Infrared Image Data: A Paradigm Shift in Volcanological Remote Sensing. Remote Sens., 12.","key":"ref_17","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040738"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchese, F., Genzano, N., Neri, M., Falconieri, A., Mazzeo, G., and Pergola, N. (2019). A Multi-Channel Algorithm for Mapping Volcanic Thermal Anomalies by Means of Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat-8 OLI Data. Remote Sens., 11.","key":"ref_18","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11232876"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genzano, N., Pergola, N., and Marchese, F. (2020). A Google Earth Engine tool to investigate, map and monitor volcanic thermal anomalies at global scale by means of mid-high spatial resolution satellite data. Remote Sens., 12.","key":"ref_19","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193232"},{"unstructured":"Linick, J.P., Pieri, D.C., Davies, A.G., Reath, K., Mars, J., Hubbard, B.E., Sanchez, R., and Tan, H.L. (2017, January 11\u201315). The ASTER Volcano Archive (AVA): High Spatial Resolution Global Monitoring of Volcanic Eruptions. Proceedings of the American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, New Orleans, LA, USA.","key":"ref_20"},{"unstructured":"(2021, January 18). ASTER Volcano Archive (AVA), Available online: https:\/\/ava.jpl.nasa.gov\/.","key":"ref_21"},{"unstructured":"Abrams, M., Hook, S., and Ramachandran, B. (2002). ASTER User Handbook, Jet Propulsion Laboratory.","key":"ref_22"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2003.12.018","article-title":"ASTER watches the world\u2019s volcanoes: A new paradigm for volcanological observations from orbit","volume":"135","author":"Pieri","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1109\/36.700991","article-title":"Overview of advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER)","volume":"36","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL900360","article-title":"Simulating the response of the EOS Terra ASTER sensor to high-temperature volcanic targets","volume":"26","author":"Wright","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697217738","article-title":"A Landsat TM based comparative study of surface and subsurface fires in the Jharia coalfield, India","volume":"18","author":"Prakash","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Layana, S., Aguilera, F., Rojo, G., Vergara, \u00c1, Salazar, P., Quispe, J., Urra, P., and Urrutia, D. (2020). Volcanic Anomalies Monitoring System (VOLCANOMS), a Low-Cost Volcanic Monitoring System Based on Landsat Images. Remote. Sens., 12.","key":"ref_27","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101589"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.11.015","article-title":"Comparison of fire temperature and fractional area modeled from SWIR, MIR, and TIR multispectral and SWIR hyperspectral airborne data","volume":"115","author":"Dennison","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"unstructured":"(2021, February 09). Earth Engine Data Catalogue, ASTER L1T Radiance. Available online: https:\/\/developers.google.com\/earth-engine\/datasets\/catalog\/ASTER_AST_L1T_003#description.","key":"ref_29"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buongiorno, M.F., Pieri, D., and Silvestri, M. (2013). Thermal analysis of volcanoes based on 10 years of ASTER data on Mt. Etna. Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing, Springer.","key":"ref_30","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6639-6_20"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacava, T., Kervyn, M., Liuzzi, M., Marchese, F., Pergola, N., and Tramutoli, V. (2018). Assessing performance of the RSTVOLC multi-temporal algorithm in detecting subtle hot spots at Oldoinyo Lengai (Tanzania, Africa) for comparison with MODLEN. Remote Sens., 10.","key":"ref_31","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081177"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2020.1834165","article-title":"Estimates of lava discharge rate of 2018 K\u012blauea Volcano, Hawai\u02bbi eruption using multi-sensor satellite and laboratory measurements","volume":"42","author":"Plank","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF-D-19-0189.1","article-title":"Two Ensemble Approaches for Forecasting Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations from K\u012blauea Volcano","volume":"35","author":"Holland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Weather. Forecast."},{"unstructured":"(2020, December 18). USGS, Volcano Hazard Program, Available online: https:\/\/volcanoes.usgs.gov\/volcanoes\/kilauea\/archive\/multimedia\/2005\/Feb\/main.shtml.","key":"ref_34"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wunderman, R. (2006). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 31:4, Smithsonian Institution. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200604-332010.","key":"ref_35","DOI":"10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200610-211060"},{"unstructured":"Sennert, S.K. (2007). Report on Kilauea (United States). Weekly Volcanic Activity Report, Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey.","key":"ref_36"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1029\/2008EO050001","article-title":"New Episodes of Volcanism at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","volume":"89","author":"Poland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eos Trans. AGU"},{"unstructured":"(2020, December 16). Volcano Discovery, Klyuchevskoy Volcano. Available online: https:\/\/www.volcanodiscovery.com\/it\/klyuchevskoy.html.","key":"ref_38"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wunderman, R. (2000). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 25:9, Smithsonian Institution. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200009-300260.","key":"ref_39","DOI":"10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200010-266030"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venzke, E. (2000). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 28:11, Smithsonian Institution. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200311-300260.","key":"ref_40","DOI":"10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200311-300260"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venzke, E. (2004). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 29:4, Smithsonian Institution. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200404-300260.","key":"ref_41","DOI":"10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200404-300260"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wunderman, R. (2005). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 30:3, Smithsonian Institution. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200503-300260.","key":"ref_42","DOI":"10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200510-342110"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wunderman, R. (2007). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 32:6, Smithsonian Institution. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200706-300260.","key":"ref_43","DOI":"10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200710-341040"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2009.05.001","article-title":"The 2005 eruption of Kliuchevskoi volcano: Chronology and processes derived from ASTER spaceborne and field-based data","volume":"184","author":"Rose","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Volc. Geotherm. Res."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dean, K.G., and Dehn, J. (2015). The 2005 and 2007 eruptions of Klyuchevskoy Volcano, Russia: Behavior and effusion mechanisms. Monitoring Volcanoes in the North Pacific: Observations from Space (suppl. DVD), Springer.","key":"ref_45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68750-4"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-019-1348-z","article-title":"Constraints on eruption processes and event masses for the 2016\u20132017 eruption of Bogoslof volcano, Alaska, through evaluation of IASI satellite SO2 masses and complementary datasets","volume":"82","author":"Lopez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wunderman, R. (2000). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 25:8, Smithsonian Institution. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200008-311360.","key":"ref_47","DOI":"10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200010-266030"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wunderman, R. (2002). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 27:5, Smithsonian Institution. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200205-311360.","key":"ref_48","DOI":"10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200210-211060"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wunderman, R. (2004). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 29:6, Smithsonian Institution. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200406-311360.","key":"ref_49","DOI":"10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200410-283110"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wunderman, R. (2008). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 33:8, Smithsonian Institution. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200808-311360.","key":"ref_50","DOI":"10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200810-221070"},{"unstructured":"Alaska Volcano Observatory (2020, December 16). Available online: https:\/\/avo.alaska.edu\/volcanoes\/activity.php?volcname=shishaldin&eruptionid=523&page=basic.","key":"ref_51"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2014.11.012","article-title":"Stable and unstable phases of elevated seismic activity at the persistently restless Telica Volcano, Nicaragua","volume":"290","author":"Rodgers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0375-6505(98)00007-8","article-title":"San Jacinto-Tizate geothermal field, Nicaragua: Exploration and conceptual model","volume":"27","author":"Ostapenko","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wunderman, R. (2000). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 25:3, Smithsonian Institution. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200003-344040.","key":"ref_54","DOI":"10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200010-233010"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wunderman, R. (2009). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 34:5, Smithsonian Institution. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200905-344040.","key":"ref_55","DOI":"10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200910-268030"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wunderman, R. (2009). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 34:8, Smithsonian Institution. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200908-344040.","key":"ref_56","DOI":"10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN200910-268030"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venzke, E. (2018). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 43:9, Smithsonian Institution. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN201809-344040.","key":"ref_57","DOI":"10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN201810-262000"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600210326","article-title":"The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER): Data products for the high spatial resolution imager on NASA\u2019s Terra platform","volume":"21","author":"Abrams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"unstructured":"(2017, August 01). ASTER Science Office ASTER SWIR Data Status Report. Available online: http:\/\/www.aster.jspacesystems.or.jp\/en\/about_aster\/swir_en.pdf.","key":"ref_59"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79261-7","article-title":"The short life of the volcanic island New Late\u2019iki (Tonga) analyzed by multi-sensor remote sensing data","volume":"10","author":"Plank","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2008.06.020","article-title":"Investigating crater lake warming using ASTER thermal imagery: Case studies at Ruapehu, Po\u00e1s, Kawah Ijen, and Copahu\u00e9 Volcanoes","volume":"178","author":"Trunk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2112571","article-title":"Long-term volcanic activity at Shiveluch Volcano: Nine years of ASTER spaceborne thermal infrared observations","volume":"2","author":"Carter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"22","article-title":"Thermal mapping of Hawaiian volcanoes with ASTER satellite data","volume":"5110","author":"Patrick","year":"2011","journal-title":"US Geol. Surv. Sci. Investig. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2019.05.002","article-title":"Evidence for a lava lake on Mt. Michael volcano, Saunders Island (South Sandwich Islands) from Landsat, Sentinel-2 and ASTER satellite imagery","volume":"379","author":"Gray","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.12.008","article-title":"Lava flow thermal analysis using three infrared bands of remote-sensing imagery: A study case from Mount Etna 2001 eruption","volume":"101","author":"Lombardo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2011.04.008","article-title":"Monitoring volcanic thermal anomalies from space: Size matters","volume":"203","author":"Murphy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/4\/1538\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:26:54Z","timestamp":1760160414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/4\/1538"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s21041538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21041538","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]}}}