{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T13:11:45Z","timestamp":1774098705230,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["779852"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["779852"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and consequently, the availability of more and more IoT data sources, mechanisms for searching and integrating IoT data sources become essential to leverage all relevant data for improving processes and services. This paper presents the IoT search framework IoTCrawler. The IoTCrawler framework is not only another IoT framework, it is a system of systems which connects existing solutions to offer interoperability and to overcome data fragmentation. In addition to its domain-independent design, IoTCrawler features a layered approach, offering solutions for crawling, indexing and searching IoT data sources, while ensuring privacy and security, adaptivity and reliability. The concept is proven by addressing a list of requirements defined for searching the IoT and an extensive evaluation. In addition, real world use cases showcase the applicability of the framework and provide examples of how it can be instantiated for new scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T02:36:13Z","timestamp":1614220573000},"page":"1559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["IoTCrawler: Challenges and Solutions for Searching the Internet of Things"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8309-5620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thorben","family":"Iggena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences Osnabr\u00fcck, 49076 Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3060-1363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eushay Bin","family":"Bin Ilyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences Osnabr\u00fcck, 49076 Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3107-6465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marten","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences Osnabr\u00fcck, 49076 Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3239-9282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"T\u00f6njes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences Osnabr\u00fcck, 49076 Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9134-0232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek","family":"Elsaleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5580-5058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roonak","family":"Rezvani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1308-1666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narges","family":"Pourshahrokhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bischof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens AG Austria, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Fernbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens AG Austria, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josiane Xavier","family":"Xavier Parreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens AG Austria, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrik","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens AG Austria, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Smirnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGT International, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7281-0879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Strohbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGT International, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hien","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEC Labs Europe, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4398-0243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurora","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information and Communication Engineering Department, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5525-1259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio F.","family":"Skarmeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information and Communication Engineering Department, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parwinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, 7400 Herning, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7902-6144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michail J.","family":"Beliatis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, 7400 Herning, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirko","family":"Presser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, 7400 Herning, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8270-9942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan A.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odin Solutions, R&amp;D Department, 30820 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6338-1603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Gonzalez-Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information and Communication Engineering Department, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Krogb\u00e6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian Holmg\u00e5rd","family":"Holmg\u00e5rd Christophersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus, 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