{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T04:36:07Z","timestamp":1780374967099,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 62074029, No. 61804023, No. 61971108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 62074029, No. 61804023, No. 61971108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent decades, nanogenerators based on several techniques such as triboelectric effects, piezoelectric effects, or other mechanisms have experienced great developments. The nanoenergy generated by nanogenerators is supposed to be used to overcome the problem of energy supply problems for portable electronics and to be applied to self-powered microsystems including sensors, actuators, integrated circuits, power sources, and so on. Researchers made many attempts to achieve a good solution and have performed many explorations. Massive efforts have been devoted to developing self-powered electronics, such as self-powered communication devices, self-powered human\u2013machine interfaces, and self-powered sensors. To take full advantage of nanoenergy, we need to review the existing applications, look for similarities and differences, and then explore the ways of achieving various self-powered systems with better performance. In this review, the methods of applying nanogenerators in specific circumstances are studied. The applications of nanogenerators are classified into two categories, direct utilization and indirect utilization, according to whether a treatment process is needed. We expect to offer a line of thought for future research on self-powered electronics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T04:36:24Z","timestamp":1614314184000},"page":"1614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Interface between Nanoenergy and Self-Powered Electronics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yi-Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Tao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Yu","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin-Tian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4655-6202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Lian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9719-0573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao-Sheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1039\/c3nr33560g","article-title":"A review of fabrication and applications of carbon nanotube film-based flexible electronics","volume":"5","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5310","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201400633","article-title":"Fiber-based wearable electronics: A review of materials, fabrication, devices, and applications","volume":"26","author":"Zeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. 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