{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T11:10:39Z","timestamp":1773054639772,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The way of generating and distributing energy throughout the electrical grid to all users is evolving. The concept of Smart Grid (SG) took place to enhance the management of the electrical grid infrastructure and its functionalities from the traditional system to an improved one. To measure the energy consumption of the users is one of these functionalities that, in some countries, has already evolved from a periodical manual consumption reading to a more frequent and automatic one, leading to the concept of Smart Metering (SM). Technology improvement could be applied to the SM systems to allow, on one hand, a more efficient way to collect the energy consumption data of each user, and, on the other hand, a better distribution of the available energy through the infrastructure. Widespread communication solutions based on existing telecommunication infrastructures instead of using ad-hoc ones can be exploited for this purpose. In this paper, we recall the basic elements and the evolution of the SM network architecture focusing on how it could further improve in the near future. We report the main technologies and protocols which can be exploited for the data exchange throughout the infrastructure and the pros and cons of each solution. Finally, we propose an innovative solution as a possible evolution of the SM system. This solution is based on a set of Internet of Things (IoT) communication technologies called Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) which could be employed to improve the performance of the currently used technologies and provide additional functionalities. We also propose the employment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to periodically collect energy consumption data, with evident advantages especially if employed in rural and remote areas. We show some preliminary performance results which allow assessing the feasibility of the proposed approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T04:36:24Z","timestamp":1614314184000},"page":"1627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["A Possible Smart Metering System Evolution for Rural and Remote Areas Employing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Internet of Things in Smart Grids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6404-2451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni Battista","family":"Gaggero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DITEN Department, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9626-3483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Marchese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DITEN Department, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1346-6868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aya","family":"Moheddine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DITEN Department, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0983-9131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Patrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DITEN Department, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tur, M.R., and Bayindir, R. (2019, January 11\u201313). The Requirements of The Technique of Communication from Machine to Machine Applied in Smart Grids. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Evolutionary Computations in Engineering Systems (SRM), Chennai, India."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62962","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2913984","article-title":"Internet of things-aided smart grid: Technologies, architectures, applications, prototypes, and future research directions","volume":"7","author":"Saleem","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, T.N., Chin, W.L., Truong, D.K., Nguyen, T.H., and Eissa, M. (2016). Advanced metering infrastructure based on smart meters in smart grid. Smart Metering Technology and Services-Inspirations for Energy Utilities, InTech Open.","DOI":"10.5772\/63631"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.03.089","article-title":"Future effectual role of energy delivery: A comprehensive review of Internet of Things and smart grid","volume":"91","author":"Reka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2012.2218253","article-title":"A survey on smart grid potential applications and communication requirements","volume":"9","author":"Gungor","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/MPAE.2007.264850","article-title":"Energy hubs for the future","volume":"5","author":"Geidl","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Power Energy Mag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120118","article-title":"From smart energy community to smart energy municipalities: Literature review, agendas and pathways","volume":"254","author":"Ceglia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2015.2512325","article-title":"A comprehensive review of smart energy meters in intelligent energy networks","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreadou, N., Guardiola, M.O., and Fulli, G. (2016). Telecommunication technologies for smart grid projects with focus on smart metering applications. Energies, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/en9050375"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Ryberg, T. (2020, October 08). Smart Metering in Europe. Available online: http:\/\/www.berginsight.com\/ReportPDF\/ProductSheet\/bi-sm15-ps.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"23","article-title":"Traditional Vs Smart Electricity Metering Systems: A Brief Overview","volume":"46","author":"Bimenyimana","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mark. Consum. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4144","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2015.2503341","article-title":"Outage management of distribution systems incorporating information from smart meters","volume":"31","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2016.2562680","article-title":"Large scale proactive power-quality monitoring: An example from Australia","volume":"32","author":"Elphick","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kannan, A., Kumar, V., Chandrasekar, T., and Rabi, B.J. (2013, January 5\u20136). A review of power quality standards, electrical software tools, issues and solutions. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Renewable Energy and Sustainable Energy (ICRESE), Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRESE.2013.6927794"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7828","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2760014","article-title":"A smart power meter to monitor energy flow in smart grids: The role of advanced sensing and IoT in the electric grid of the future","volume":"17","author":"Morello","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1109\/TST.2014.6787363","article-title":"Energy-theft detection issues for advanced metering infrastructure in smart grid","volume":"19","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tsinghua Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izonin, I., Tkachenko, R., Kryvinska, N., and Tkachenko, P. (2019). Multiple Linear Regression based on Coefficients Identification using Non-Iterative SGTM Neural-Like Structure. International Work-Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20521-8_39"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.10.022","article-title":"Demand response and smart grids\u2014A survey","volume":"30","author":"Siano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2341586","article-title":"A survey on demand response programs in smart grids: Pricing methods and optimization algorithms","volume":"17","author":"Vardakas","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2019.1911462","article-title":"Decentralized control for residential energy management of a smart users microgrid with renewable energy exchange","volume":"6","author":"Carli","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J. Autom. Sin."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6846","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2614689","article-title":"Charging schemes for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in smart grid: A survey","volume":"4","author":"Kong","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2013.2271951","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges of vehicle-to-home, vehicle-to-vehicle, and vehicle-to-grid technologies","volume":"101","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03640-9_2","article-title":"Edge computing for smart grid: An overview on architectures and solutions","volume":"2","author":"Samie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iot Smart Grids"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uribe-P\u00e9rez, N., Hern\u00e1ndez, L., De la Vega, D., and Angulo, I. (2016). State of the art and trends review of smart metering in electricity grids. Appl. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/app6030068"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.039","article-title":"Smart meters for power grid\u2014Challenges, issues, advantages and status","volume":"15","author":"Depuru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelwahab, R.H., El-Habrouk, M., and Abdelhamid, T.H. (2019, January 17\u201319). Survey of Communication Techniques in Smart Grids. Proceedings of the 21st International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/MEPCON47431.2019.9007961"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47694","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2977928","article-title":"Communication Requirements in Microgrids: A Practical Survey","volume":"8","author":"Serban","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2011.2166794","article-title":"Smart grid technologies: Communication technologies and standards","volume":"7","author":"Gungor","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bian, D., Kuzlu, M., Pipattanasomporn, M., and Rahman, S. (2014, January 27\u201331). Analysis of communication schemes for Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE PES General Meeting|Conference & Exposition, National Harbor, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PESGM.2014.6939562"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuzlu, M., and Pipattanasomporn, M. (2013, January 24\u201327). Assessment of communication technologies and network requirements for different smart grid applications. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGT.2013.6497873"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4001","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2019.2928090","article-title":"Communication in smart grids: A comprehensive review on the existing and future communication and information infrastructures","volume":"13","author":"Ghorbanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.08.036","article-title":"A review of wireless communications for smart grid","volume":"41","author":"Mahmood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Sun, Y., and Cui, Z. (2010, January 3\u20135). Application and analysis of ZigBee technology for Smart Grid. Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Computer and Information Application, Tianjin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCIA.2010.6141563"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mekki, K., Bajic, E., Chaxel, F., and Meyer, F. (2018, January 19\u201323). Overview of cellular LPWAN technologies for IoT deployment: Sigfox, LoRaWAN, and NB-IoT. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom) Workshops, Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2018.8480255"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabalc\u0131, Y., and Ali, M. (2019, January 12\u201315). Emerging LPWAN Technologies for Smart Environments: An Outlook. Proceedings of the 1st Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (GPECOM), Nevsehir, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/GPECOM.2019.8778626"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schroder Filho, H., Pissolato Filho, J., and Moreli, V. (2016, January 12\u201315). The adequacy of LoRaWAN on smart grids: A comparison with RF mesh technology. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), Trento, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISC2.2016.7580783"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-017-0955-1","article-title":"A review of wireless and satellite-based m2m\/iot services in support of smart grids","volume":"23","author":"Sohraby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mob. Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2012.11.002","article-title":"Evolution of communication technologies for smart grid applications","volume":"19","author":"Usman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"ESA (2020, October 08). Satellite Frequency Bands. Available online: https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Applications\/Telecommunications_Integrated_Applications\/Satellite_frequency_bands."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2014.06.005","article-title":"Power line communication technologies for smart grid applications: A review of advances and challenges","volume":"70","author":"Yigit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2014.6724103","article-title":"Smart grid neighborhood area networks: A survey","volume":"28","author":"Meng","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"192","article-title":"Toward integrating distributed energy resources and storage devices in smart grid","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2014.2312291","article-title":"Research directions for the internet of things","volume":"1","author":"Stankovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2015.2413397","article-title":"An internet of things framework for smart energy in buildings: Designs, prototype, and experiments","volume":"2","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2720635","article-title":"Policy-based secure and trustworthy sensing for internet of things in smart cities","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghasempour, A. (2019). Internet of Things in Smart Grid: Architecture, Applications, Services, Key Technologies, and Challenges. Inventions, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/inventions4010022"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Li, X., Liu, Y., and Wang, H. (2014, January 26\u201328). The research on development direction and points in IoT in China power grid. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Information Science, Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Sapporo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/InfoSEEE.2014.6948106"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Sun, L., Zhu, H., Zhen, Y., and Chen, H. (2012, January 10\u201312). Application of internet of things in power-line monitoring. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Cyber-Enabled Distributed Computing and Knowledge Discovery, Sanya, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CyberC.2012.77"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2016.7721747","article-title":"System design of the internet of things for residential smart grid","volume":"23","author":"Viswanath","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Lin, W., Zhang, T., and Ma, Y. (2012, January 7\u20139). Research on application and security protection of internet of things in smart grid. Proceedings of the IET International Conference on Information Science and Control Engineering 2012 (ICISCE 2012), Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2012.2311"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74089","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2920488","article-title":"Internet of Things based smart grids supported by intelligent edge computing","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2652320","article-title":"Low power wide area networks: An overview","volume":"19","author":"Raza","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Liu, J., Li, X., Chen, X., Zhen, Y., and Zeng, L. (2011, January 13\u201316). Applications of internet of things on smart grid in China. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), Gangwon, Korea."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"E Silva, F.S., Barriquello, C., Canha, L., Bernardon, D., and Hokama, W.S. (2018, January 18\u201321). Deployment of LoRA WAN Network for Rural Smart Grid in Brazil. Proceedings of the IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exhibition-Latin America (T&D-LA), Lima, Peru."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wibisono, G., Permata, S.G., Awaludin, A., and Suhasfan, P. (2017, January 12\u201314). Development of advanced metering infrastructure based on LoRa WAN in PLN Bali toward Bali Eco smart grid. Proceedings of the 2017 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SASG.2017.8356496"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Nouman Rafi, M., and Muaaz, M. (2019). Performance Evaluation of the LoRa Protocol in the context of Smart Meter. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2020, October 10). EnergyHive. Available online: https:\/\/www.energyhive.com\/."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyriazis, D., Varvarigou, T., White, D., Rossi, A., and Cooper, J. (2013, January 4\u20137). Sustainable smart city IoT applications: Heat and electricity management & Eco-conscious cruise control for public transportation. Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on \u201cA World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks\u201d (WoWMoM), Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/WoWMoM.2013.6583500"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barriquello, C.H., Bernardon, D.P., Canha, L.N., e Silva, F.E.S., Porto, D.S., and da Silveira Ramos, M.J. (2017, January 28\u201331). Performance assessment of a low power wide area network in rural smart grids. Proceedings of the 2017 52nd International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), Heraklion, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/UPEC.2017.8231904"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varsier, N., and Schwoerer, J. (2017, January 21\u201325). Capacity limits of LoRaWAN technology for smart metering applications. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2017.7996383"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rana, M.M., and Li, L. (2017, January 19\u201322). Renewable microgrid state estimation using the Internet of Things communication network. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), Bongpyeong, Korea.","DOI":"10.23919\/ICACT.2017.7890232"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carli, R., Cavone, G., Ben Othman, S., and Dotoli, M. (2020). Iot based architecture for model predictive control of hvac systems in smart buildings. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030781"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hafeez, G., Wadud, Z., Khan, I.U., Khan, I., Shafiq, Z., Usman, M., and Khan, M.U.A. (2020). Efficient Energy Management of IoT-Enabled Smart Homes Under Price-Based Demand Response Program in Smart Grid. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113155"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sampathkumar, A., Murugan, S., Sivaram, M., Sharma, V., Venkatachalam, K., and Kalimuthu, M. (2020). Advanced Energy Management System for Smart City Application Using the IoT. Internet of Things in Smart Technologies for Sustainable Urban Development, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-34328-6_12"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2019.107187","article-title":"An IoT based Intelligent Smart Energy Management System with accurate forecasting and load strategy for renewable generation","volume":"152","author":"Pawar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2020, October 08). Digital Water Grid Management. Available online: https:\/\/www.birdz.com\/en\/digital-water-grid-management\/."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2020, October 08). Czech Republic Rolls Out Nationwide LoraWAN Network. Available online: https:\/\/www.smartcitiesworld.net\/news\/news\/czech-republic-rolls-out-nationwide-lorawan-network-3609."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2020, October 08). Kaifa: Innovation Brings a Better Life. Available online: http:\/\/www.kaifametering.com\/public\/index.php."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2020, October 08). Orion M2M. Available online: http:\/\/orion-m2m.com\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Kaplantzis, S., and \u015eekercio\u011flu, Y.A. (2012, January 18\u201320). Security and smart metering. Proceedings of the 18th European Wireless Conference, Poznan, Poland."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Ghansah, I. (2012). Smart Grid Cyber Security Potential Threats, Vulnerabilities And Risks, California Energy Commission. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tkachenko, R., Izonin, I., Kryvinska, N., Dronyuk, I., and Zub, K. (2020). An approach towards increasing prediction accuracy for the recovery of missing IoT data based on the GRNN-SGTM ensemble. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092625"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2019.1637138","article-title":"Comparison of performance of data imputation methods for numeric dataset","volume":"33","author":"Jadhav","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-018-1451-8","article-title":"NS-kNN: A modified k-nearest neighbors approach for imputing metabolomics data","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2011.07.010","article-title":"A survey on the communication architectures in smart grid","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, E., Han, Z., and Poor, H.V. (2012). Smart Grid Communications and Networking, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139013468"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-its.2015.0058","article-title":"Collecting smart meter data via public transportation buses","volume":"10","author":"Bilgin","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngandu, K.G., Ouahada, K., and Rimer, S. (2018). Smart meter data collection using public taxis. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072304"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shenoy, R., and Keshavan, B. (2017, January 14\u201317). Hybrid drone for data transaction. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE), Oshawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/SEGE.2017.8052805"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Trotta, A., Di Felice, M., Bononi, L., Natalizio, E., Perilli, L., Scarselli, E.F., Cinotti, T.S., and Canegallo, R. (May, January 29). BEE-DRONES: Energy-efficient data collection on wake-up radio-based wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM) Workshops, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moheddine, A., Patrone, F., and Marchese, M. (2019, January 27\u201329). UAV and IoT Integration: A Flying Gateway. Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS), Genoa, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECS46596.2019.8965135"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchese, M., Moheddine, A., and Patrone, F. (2020, January 7\u201314). UAV and Satellite Employment for the Internet of Things Use Case. Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO47225.2020.9172701"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/5\/1627\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:28:56Z","timestamp":1760160536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/5\/1627"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s21051627"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21051627","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]}}}