{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T05:02:14Z","timestamp":1773810134982,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A textile patch antenna is an attractive package for wearable applications as it offers flexibility, less weight, easy integration into the garment and better comfort to the wearer. When it comes to wearability, above all, comfort comes ahead of the rest of the properties. The air permeability and the water vapor permeability of textiles are linked to the thermophysiological comfort of the wearer as they help to improve the breathability of textiles. This paper includes the construction of a breathable textile rectangular ring microstrip patch antenna with improved water vapor permeability. A selection of high air permeable conductive fabrics and 3-dimensional knitted spacer dielectric substrates was made to ensure better water vapor permeability of the breathable textile rectangular ring microstrip patch antenna. To further improve the water vapor permeability of the breathable textile rectangular ring microstrip patch antenna, a novel approach of inserting a large number of small-sized holes of 1 mm diameter in the conductive layers (the patch and the ground plane) of the antenna was adopted. Besides this, the insertion of a large number of small-sized holes improved the flexibility of the rectangular ring microstrip patch antenna. The result was a breathable perforated (with small-sized holes) textile rectangular ring microstrip patch antenna with the water vapor permeability as high as 5296.70 g\/m2 per day, an air permeability as high as 510 mm\/s, and with radiation gains being 4.2 dBi and 5.4 dBi in the E-plane and H-plane, respectively. The antenna was designed to resonate for the Industrial, Scientific and Medical band at a specific 2.45 GHz frequency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T04:36:24Z","timestamp":1614314184000},"page":"1635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Breathable Textile Rectangular Ring Microstrip Patch Antenna at 2.45 GHz for Wearable Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3889-3986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Wahab","family":"Memon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Engineering, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Textile, Mehran University of Engineering &amp; Technology, 76020 Jamshoro, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3849-0880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor Lima","family":"de Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture imec-IDLab, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8383-8068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benny","family":"Malengier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Engineering, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7754-9013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Vasile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fashion and Textiles Innovation Lab FTILab+, HOGENT University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 9051 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0633-0815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Van Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture imec-IDLab, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Lieva","family":"Van Langenhove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Engineering, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2009.2014574","article-title":"A textile antenna for off-body communication integrated into protective clothing for firefighters","volume":"57","author":"Hertleer","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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