{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T06:58:53Z","timestamp":1768978733094,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO 4145\/3-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO 4145\/3-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KO 2111\/11-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KO 2111\/11-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VO 1487\/11-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VO 1487\/11-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the response of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) embedded in cast aluminum parts under thermal and mechanical load were investigated. Several types of FBGs in different types of fibers were used in order to verify general applicability. To monitor a temperature-induced strain, an embedded regenerated FBG (RFBG) in a cast part was placed in a climatic chamber and heated up to 120 \u2218C within several cycles. The results show good agreement with a theoretical model, which consists of a shrink-fit model and temperature-dependent material parameters. Several cast parts with different types of FBGs were machined into tensile test specimens and tensile tests were executed. For the tensile tests, a cyclic procedure was chosen, which allowed us to distinguish between the elastic and plastic deformation of the specimen. An analytical model, which described the elastic part of the tensile test, was introduced and showed good agreement with the measurements. Embedded FBGs - integrated during the casting process - showed under all mechanical and thermal load conditions no hysteresis, a reproducible sensor response, and a high reliable operation, which is very important to create metallic smart structures and packaged fiber optic sensors for harsh environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T10:25:18Z","timestamp":1614594318000},"page":"1680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Fiber Bragg Sensors Embedded in Cast Aluminum Parts: Axial Strain and Temperature Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2430-1655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Lindner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Photonics Laboratory, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Lothstr. 34, 80335 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Stadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photonics Laboratory, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Lothstr. 34, 80335 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Hamann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photonics Laboratory, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Lothstr. 34, 80335 Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1186-0167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bennet","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre \u00c9nergie Mat\u00e9riaux T\u00e9l\u00e9communications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1S2, Canada"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Jakobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology (MST), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Arcisstr. 21, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Heilmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Metal Forming and Casting (UTG), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Walther-Mei\u00dfner-Stra\u00dfe 4, 85748 Garching, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0871-4425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantin","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Metal Forming and Casting (UTG), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Walther-Mei\u00dfner-Stra\u00dfe 4, 85748 Garching, Germany"}]},{"given":"Wolfram","family":"Volk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Metal Forming and Casting (UTG), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Walther-Mei\u00dfner-Stra\u00dfe 4, 85748 Garching, Germany"}]},{"given":"Alexander W.","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology (MST), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Arcisstr. 21, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6525-4544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Roths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photonics Laboratory, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Lothstr. 34, 80335 Munich, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00fcemes, A., Fernandez-Lopez, A., Pozo, A.R., and Sierra-P\u00e9rez, J. 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