{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T21:37:02Z","timestamp":1778189822506,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union through the ERANETMED (Euromediterranean Cooperation through ERANET joint activities and beyond)","award":["ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deploying wireless sensor networks (WSN) in rural environments such as agricultural fields may present some challenges that affect the communication between the nodes due to the vegetation. These challenges must be addressed when implementing precision agriculture (PA) systems that monitor the fields and estimate irrigation requirements with the gathered data. In this paper, different WSN deployment configurations for a soil monitoring PA system are studied to identify the effects of the rural environment on the signal and to identify the key aspects to consider when designing a PA wireless network. The PA system is described, providing the architecture, the node design, and the algorithm that determines the irrigation requirements. The testbed includes different types of vegetation and on-ground, near-ground, and above-ground ESP32 Wi-Fi node placements. The results of the testbed show high variability in densely vegetated areas. These results are analyzed to determine the theoretical maximum coverage for acceptable signal quality for each of the studied configurations. The best coverage was obtained for the near-ground deployment. Lastly, the aspects of the rural environment and the deployment that affect the signal such as node height, crop type, foliage density, or the form of irrigation are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T10:25:18Z","timestamp":1614594318000},"page":"1693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Deployment Strategies of Soil Monitoring WSN for Precision Agriculture Irrigation Scheduling in Rural Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46730 Grau de Gandia, Spain"},{"name":"Network and Telecommunication Research Group, University of Haute Alsace, 34 rue du Grillenbreit, 68008 Colmar, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9215-8734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46730 Grau de Gandia, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Madrile\u00f1o de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDRA), Finca \u201cEl Encin\u201d, A-2, Km 38, 2, 28800 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3688-7235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose M.","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46730 Grau de Gandia, Spain"},{"name":"Network and Telecommunication Research Group, University of Haute Alsace, 34 rue du Grillenbreit, 68008 Colmar, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar","family":"Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46730 Grau de Gandia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0862-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Lloret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46730 Grau de Gandia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2777-4885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro V.","family":"Mauri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Madrile\u00f1o de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDRA), Finca \u201cEl Encin\u201d, A-2, Km 38, 2, 28800 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3346-7216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Network and Telecommunication Research Group, University of Haute Alsace, 34 rue du Grillenbreit, 68008 Colmar, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, X., An, X., Zhao, Q., Liu, H., Xia, L., Sun, X., and Guo, Y. 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