{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T15:15:43Z","timestamp":1777302943997,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Project from the Minister of Science and Technology","award":["2016YFA0202701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFA0202701"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Project from the Minister of Science and Technology","award":["2016YFA0202704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFA0202704"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009592","name":"Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z171100002017017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z171100002017017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009592","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mechanical motion sensing and monitoring is an important component in the field of industrial automation. Rotary motion is one of the most basic forms of mechanical motion, so it is of great significance for the development of the entire industry to realize rotary motion state monitoring. In this paper, a triboelectric rotary motion sensor (TRMS) with variable amplitude differential hybrid electrodes is proposed, and an integrated monitoring system (IMS) is designed to realize real-time monitoring of industrial-grade rotary motion state. First, the operating principle and monitoring characteristics are studied. The experiment results indicate that the TRMS can achieve rotation speed measurement in the range of 10\u20131000 rpm with good linearity, and the error rate of rotation speed is less than 0.8%. Besides, the TRMS has an angle monitoring range of 360\u00b0 and its resolution is 1.5\u00b0 in bidirectional rotation. Finally, the applications of the designed TRMS and IMS prove the feasibility of self-powered rotary motion monitoring. This work further promotes the development of triboelectric sensors (TESs) in industrial application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T10:36:37Z","timestamp":1614681397000},"page":"1713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Triboelectric Rotary Motion Sensor for Industrial-Grade Speed and Angle Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Xiaosong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China"},{"name":"School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China"},{"name":"School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0335-7614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tinghai","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China"},{"name":"School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"},{"name":"CUSPEA Institute of Technology, Wenzhou 325024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhong Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China"},{"name":"CUSPEA Institute of Technology, Wenzhou 325024, China"},{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0245, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9595","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2726982","article-title":"Advances in capacitive, eddy current, and magnetic displacement sensors and corresponding interfaces","volume":"64","author":"George","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2012.10.016","article-title":"A review of nanometer resolution position sensors: Operation and performance","volume":"190","author":"Fleming","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2015.2466455","article-title":"3-D surface-integrated touch-sensor system for automotive HMI applications","volume":"21","author":"Miedl","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085007","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ab9062","article-title":"A computer-vision based vibration transducer scheme for structural health monitoring applications","volume":"29","author":"Erdogan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2020.107439","article-title":"An output-only ARX model-based sensor fusion framework on structural dynamic measurements using distributed optical fiber sensors and fiber Bragg grating sensors","volume":"152","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.1987.1065634","article-title":"Features of a magnetic rotary encoder","volume":"23","author":"Miyashita","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/19.126640","article-title":"A method of improving the resolution and accuracy of rotary encoders using a code compensation technique","volume":"41","author":"Hagiwara","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2020.112043","article-title":"A miniaturized capacitive absolute angular positioning sensor based on a dual two-stage secondary re-modulation scheme with time-division multiplexing","volume":"310","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2008.918717","article-title":"Integrated optical sensor in a digital microfluidic platform","volume":"8","author":"Luan","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"370","article-title":"Advances in optics and photonics","volume":"2","author":"Caterina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2013.01.040","article-title":"A novel absolute angular position sensor based on electromagnetism","volume":"194","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2006.884114","article-title":"Modeling, fabrication and performance measurements of a piezoelectric energy converter for power harvesting in autonomous microsystems","volume":"55","author":"Ferrari","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aat2516","article-title":"A highly sensitive, self-powered triboelectric auditory sensor for social robotics and hearing aids","volume":"3","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2018.10.044","article-title":"Rotation sensing and gesture control of a robot joint via triboelectric quantization sensor","volume":"54","author":"Pu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901124","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201901124","article-title":"Multifunctional sensor based on translational-rotary triboelectric nanogenerator","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000064","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202000064","article-title":"Robust swing-structured triboelectric nanogenerator for efficient blue energy harvesting","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2012.01.004","article-title":"Flexible triboelectric generator!","volume":"1","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6339","DOI":"10.1021\/nl303573d","article-title":"Nanoscale triboelectric-effect-enabled energy conversion for sustainably powering portable electronics","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1021\/nl300988z","article-title":"Transparent triboelectric nanogenerators and self-powered pressure sensors based on micropatterned plastic films","volume":"12","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FD00159A","article-title":"Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology and self-powered sensors-principles, problems and perspectives","volume":"176","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Faraday Discuss."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2016.12.001","article-title":"On Maxwell\u2019s displacement current for energy and sensors: The origin of nanogenerators","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2020.100713","article-title":"Sweep-type triboelectric linear motion sensor with staggered electrode","volume":"37","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Extreme Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z.Y., Cheng, T.H., and Wang, Z.L. (2020). Self-powered sensors and systems based on nanogenerators. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102925"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5981","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c01436","article-title":"Magnetic flap-type difunctional sensor for detecting pneumatic flow and liquid level based on triboelectric nanogenerator","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.1021\/am405637s","article-title":"Noncontact free-rotating disk triboelectric nanogenerator as a sustainable energy harvester and self-powered mechanical sensor","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2015.01.015","article-title":"Fully enclosed bearing-structured self-powered rotation sensor based on electrification at rolling interfaces for multi-tasking motion measurement","volume":"12","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201403828","article-title":"A self-powered angle measurement sensor based on triboelectric nanogenerator","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2014.11.010","article-title":"Single-electrode-based rotationary triboelectric nanogenerator and its applications as self-powered contact area and eccentric angle sensors","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2020.101100","article-title":"Triboelectric mechanical sensors-progress and prospects","volume":"42","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Extreme Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2019.100595","article-title":"Triboelectric rotational speed sensor integrated into a bearing: A solid step to industrial application","volume":"34","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Extreme Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001466","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202001466","article-title":"A self-powered angle sensor at nanoradian-resolution for robotic arms and personalized medicare","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085401","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/27\/8\/085401","article-title":"A ball-bearing structured triboelectric nanogenerator for nondestructive damage and rotating speed measurement","volume":"27","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700251","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201700251","article-title":"Radial-grating pendulum-structured triboelectric nanogenerator for energy harvesting and tilting-angle sensing","volume":"3","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.104277","article-title":"A triboelectric rolling ball bearing with self-powering and self-sensing capabilities","volume":"67","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.105508","article-title":"Wearable triboelectric nanogenerator based exercise system for upper limb rehabilitation post neurological injuries","volume":"80","author":"Bhatia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Energy"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/5\/1713\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:31:25Z","timestamp":1760160685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/5\/1713"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s21051713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21051713","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]}}}