{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T14:45:03Z","timestamp":1785249903334,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea government (MSIT)","award":["NRF-2019R1F1A1062948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1F1A1062948"]}]},{"name":"the NRF of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT &amp; Future Planning","award":["2015M3C1A3056407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015M3C1A3056407"]}]},{"name":"Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital Institute for Biomedical Science","award":["HCRI20006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HCRI20006"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program","award":["2020R1A6A1A03047902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A6A1A03047902"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Education, and Bio &amp; Medical Technology Development Program of the NRF funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","award":["NRF-2019M3E5D1A02067958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019M3E5D1A02067958"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vascular damage is one of the therapeutic mechanisms of photodynamic therapy (PDT). In particular, short-term PDT treatments can effectively destroy malignant lesions while minimizing damage to nonmalignant tissue. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of label-free quantitative photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) for monitoring the vasculature changes under the effect of PDT in mouse ear melanoma tumors. In particular, quantitative vasculature evaluation was conducted based on Hessian filter segmentation. Three-dimensional morphological PAM and depth-resolved images before and after PDT treatment were acquired. In addition, five quantitative vasculature parameters, including the PA signal, vessel diameter, vessel density, perfused vessel density, and vessel complexity, were analyzed to evaluate the influence of PDT on four different areas: Two melanoma tumors, and control and normal vessel areas. The quantitative and qualitative results successfully demonstrated the potential of the proposed PAM-based quantitative approach to evaluate the effectiveness of the PDT method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T00:39:07Z","timestamp":1614904747000},"page":"1776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["In Vivo Quantitative Vasculature Segmentation and Assessment for Photodynamic Therapy Process Monitoring Using Photoacoustic Microscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3776-500X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thi Thao","family":"Mai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6810-1727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su Woong","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo 58128, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program of Molecular Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Creative IT Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk-do 37673, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang-Ho","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Hospital, 8 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-757, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7249-1257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chulhong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Creative IT Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk-do 37673, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong Young","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo 58128, Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program of Molecular Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanamdo 58128, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Joon","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo 58128, Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program of Molecular Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanamdo 58128, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3560-0543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo 58128, Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program of Molecular Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanamdo 58128, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)92596-2","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy of malignant tumours","volume":"300","author":"Diamond","year":"1972","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1071","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for cancer","volume":"3","author":"Dolmans","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. 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