{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T18:31:29Z","timestamp":1770834689860,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CERCA Programme"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CERCA Programme"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRC 2017 SGR 01770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRC 2017 SGR 01770"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","award":["RTI2018-098472-B-I00 MCIU\/AEI\/FEDER, UE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-098472-B-I00 MCIU\/AEI\/FEDER, UE"]}]},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III\/FEDER)","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008593","name":"European Respiratory Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERS LTRF 2015-5185 and ERS LTRF 2017 01-00086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERS LTRF 2015-5185 and ERS LTRF 2017 01-00086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to investigate noninvasive indices of neuromechanical coupling (NMC) and mechanical efficiency (MEff) of parasternal intercostal muscles. Gold standard assessment of diaphragm NMC requires using invasive techniques, limiting the utility of this procedure. Noninvasive NMC indices of parasternal intercostal muscles can be calculated using surface mechanomyography (sMMGpara) and electromyography (sEMGpara). However, the use of sMMGpara as an inspiratory muscle mechanical output measure, and the relationships between sMMGpara, sEMGpara, and simultaneous invasive and noninvasive pressure measurements have not previously been evaluated. sEMGpara, sMMGpara, and both invasive and noninvasive measurements of pressures were recorded in twelve healthy subjects during an inspiratory loading protocol. The ratios of sMMGpara to sEMGpara, which provided muscle-specific noninvasive NMC indices of parasternal intercostal muscles, showed nonsignificant changes with increasing load, since the relationships between sMMGpara and sEMGpara were linear (R2 = 0.85 (0.75\u20130.9)). The ratios of mouth pressure (Pmo) to sEMGpara and sMMGpara were also proposed as noninvasive indices of parasternal intercostal muscle NMC and MEff, respectively. These indices, similar to the analogous indices calculated using invasive transdiaphragmatic and esophageal pressures, showed nonsignificant changes during threshold loading, since the relationships between Pmo and both sEMGpara (R2 = 0.84 (0.77\u20130.93)) and sMMGpara (R2 = 0.89 (0.85\u20130.91)) were linear. The proposed noninvasive NMC and MEff indices of parasternal intercostal muscles may be of potential clinical value, particularly for the regular assessment of patients with disordered respiratory mechanics using noninvasive wearable and wireless devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T00:39:07Z","timestamp":1614904747000},"page":"1781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Noninvasive Assessment of Neuromechanical Coupling and Mechanical Efficiency of Parasternal Intercostal Muscle during Inspiratory Threshold Loading"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4146-9839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Lozano-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), UPC Campus Diagonal-Bes\u00f2s, Av. d\u2019Eduard Maristany 10\u201314, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Automatic Control (ESAII), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC)-Barcelona Tech, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4126-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Estrada-Petrocelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), UPC Campus Diagonal-Bes\u00f2s, Av. d\u2019Eduard Maristany 10\u201314, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Latina de Panam\u00e1, Panama City 0823-00923, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), UPC Campus Diagonal-Bes\u00f2s, Av. d\u2019Eduard Maristany 10\u201314, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Automatic Control (ESAII), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC)-Barcelona Tech, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9520-6500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerrard F.","family":"Rafferty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human &amp; Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic &amp; Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences &amp; Medicine, King\u2019s College London, King\u2019s Health Partners, London SE1 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Moxham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human &amp; Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic &amp; Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences &amp; Medicine, King\u2019s College London, King\u2019s Health Partners, London SE1 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline J.","family":"Jolley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human &amp; Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic &amp; Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences &amp; Medicine, King\u2019s College London, King\u2019s Health Partners, London SE1 9RT, UK"},{"name":"King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, King\u2019s Health Partners, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6541-8729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raimon","family":"Jan\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), UPC Campus Diagonal-Bes\u00f2s, Av. d\u2019Eduard Maristany 10\u201314, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Automatic Control (ESAII), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC)-Barcelona Tech, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801214","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01214-2018","article-title":"ERS statement on respiratory muscle testing at rest and during exercise","volume":"53","author":"Laveneziana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. 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