{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T11:16:26Z","timestamp":1775733386851,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["777159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["777159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to explore the possibility of estimating a multitude of kinematic and dynamic quantities using subject-specific musculoskeletal models in real-time. The framework was designed to operate with marker-based and inertial measurement units enabling extensions far beyond dedicated motion capture laboratories. We present the technical details for calculating the kinematics, generalized forces, muscle forces, joint reaction loads, and predicting ground reaction wrenches during walking. Emphasis was given to reduce computational latency while maintaining accuracy as compared to the offline counterpart. Notably, we highlight the influence of adequate filtering and differentiation under noisy conditions and its importance for consequent dynamic calculations. Real-time estimates of the joint moments, muscle forces, and reaction loads closely resemble OpenSim\u2019s offline analyses. Model-based estimation of ground reaction wrenches demonstrates that even a small error can negatively affect other estimated quantities. An application of the developed system is demonstrated in the context of rehabilitation and gait retraining. We expect that such a system will find numerous applications in laboratory settings and outdoor conditions with the advent of predicting or sensing environment interactions. Therefore, we hope that this open-source framework will be a significant milestone for solving this grand challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T11:46:09Z","timestamp":1614944769000},"page":"1804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Real-Time Musculoskeletal Kinematics and Dynamics Analysis Using Marker- and IMU-Based Solutions in Rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8545-3110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitar","family":"Stanev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioengineering, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, 1018 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3100-4541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Filip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Bitzas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sokratis","family":"Zouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1387-2134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Giarmatzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7355-0511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Tsaopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bio-Economy and Agri-Technology, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, 38333 Volos, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7617-227X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Moustakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carcreff, L., Gerber, C.N., Paraschiv-Ionescu, A., De Coulon, G., Newman, C.J., Armand, S., and Aminian, K. 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