{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T17:59:35Z","timestamp":1783619975380,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 108-2410-H-161-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2410-H-161-004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The escalated growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has started to reform and reshape our lives. The deployment of a large number of objects adhered to the internet has unlocked the vision of the smart world around us, thereby paving a road towards automation and humongous data generation and collection. This automation and continuous explosion of personal and professional information to the digital world provides a potent ground to the adversaries to perform numerous cyber-attacks, thus making security in IoT a sizeable concern. Hence, timely detection and prevention of such threats are pre-requisites to prevent serious consequences. The survey conducted provides a brief insight into the technology with prime attention towards the various attacks and anomalies and their detection based on the intelligent intrusion detection system (IDS). The comprehensive look-over presented in this paper provides an in-depth analysis and assessment of diverse machine learning and deep learning-based network intrusion detection system (NIDS). Additionally, a case study of healthcare in IoT is presented. The study depicts the architecture, security, and privacy issues and application of learning paradigms in this sector. The research assessment is finally concluded by listing the results derived from the literature. Additionally, the paper discusses numerous research challenges to allow further rectifications in the approaches to deal with unusual complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T05:03:15Z","timestamp":1614920595000},"page":"1809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":225,"title":["Internet of Things: Evolution, Concerns and Security Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Parushi","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Central University of Jammu, Bagla J&amp;K 181143, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2833-2093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yashwant","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Central University of Jammu, Bagla J&amp;K 181143, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9652-1139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pooja","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Central University of Jammu, Bagla J&amp;K 181143, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5150-0035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deep Kumar","family":"Bangotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Higher Education, J&amp;K Govt., Jammu 180001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7676-9014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pradeep Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad 201309, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3001-2921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Chiang","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City 22064, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2444095","article-title":"Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications","volume":"17","author":"Guizani","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.K., Kwon, H.R., Cho, H., Kim, J., and Lee, D. (2016). International Case Studies of Smart Cities, Inter-American Bank.","DOI":"10.18235\/0000410"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anand, P., Singh, Y., Selwal, A., Singh, P.K., Felseghi, R.A., and Raboaca, M.S. (2020). IoVT: Internet of Vulnerable Things? Threat Architecture, Attack Surfaces, and Vulnerabilities in Internet of Things and Its Applications towards Smart Grids. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13184813"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anand, P., Singh, Y., and Selwal, A. (2021). Internet of Things (IoT): Vulnerabilities and Remediation Strategies. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-8297-4_22"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168825","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3022842","article-title":"IoT Vulnerability Assessment for Sustainable Computing: Threats, Current Solutions, and Open Challenges","volume":"8","author":"Anand","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rana, B., Singh, Y., and Singh, P.K. (2020). A systematic survey on internet of things: Energy efficiency and interoperability perspective. Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol., 1\u201341.","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4166"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2017.201","article-title":"DDoS in the IoT: Mirai and Other Botnets","volume":"50","author":"Kolias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.02.008","article-title":"Machine Learning Models for Secure Data Analytics: A taxonomy and threat model","volume":"153","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2910750","article-title":"Demystifying IoT Security: An Exhaustive Survey on IoT Vulnerabilities and a First Empirical Look on Internet-Scale IoT Exploitations","volume":"21","author":"Neshenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2953364","article-title":"Security of the Internet of Things: Vulnerabilities, Attacks, and Countermeasures","volume":"22","author":"Butun","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Divyatmika Sreekesh, M. (2016, January 3\u20135). A two-tier network based intrusion detection system architecture using machine learning approach. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT), Chennai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEEOT.2016.7755404"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2016.2633228","article-title":"A Two-Layer Dimension Reduction and Two-Tier Classification Model for Anomaly-Based Intrusion Detection in IoT Backbone Networks","volume":"7","author":"Pajouh","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canedo, J., and Skjellum, A. (2016, January 12\u201314). Using machine learning to secure IoT systems. Proceedings of the 2016 14th Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST), Auckland, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1109\/PST.2016.7906930"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anthi, E., Williams, L., and Burnap, P. (2018, January 28\u201329). Pulse: An adaptive intrusion detection for the internet of things. Proceedings of the Living in the Internet of Things: Cybersecurity of the IoT-2018, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2018.0035"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2019.100059","article-title":"Attack and anomaly detection in IoT sensors in IoT sites using machine learning approaches","volume":"7","author":"Hasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vigneswaran, R.K., Vinayakumar, R., Soman, K., and Poornachandran, P. (2018, January 10\u201312). Evaluating Shallow and Deep Neural Networks for Network Intrusion Detection Systems in Cyber Security. Proceedings of the 2018 9th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), Bengaluru, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCNT.2018.8494096"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roopak, M., Tian, G.Y., and Chambers, J. (2019, January 7\u20139). Deep Learning Models for Cyber Security in IoT Networks. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 9th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCWC.2019.8666588"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"21","article-title":"Securing the Internet of Things: A Review","volume":"17","author":"Ahlmeyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Issues Inform. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2016.2606384","article-title":"A Comprehensive Study of Security of Internet-of-Things","volume":"5","author":"Mosenia","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.04.002","article-title":"Internet of Things security: A survey","volume":"88","author":"Alaba","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2874978","article-title":"Anatomy of Threats to the Internet of Things","volume":"21","author":"Makhdoom","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samaila, M.G., Neto, M., Fernandes, D.A.B., Freire, M.M., and In\u00e1cio, P.R.M. (2018). Challenges of securing Internet of Things devices: A survey. Secur. Priv., e20.","DOI":"10.1002\/spy2.20"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2020.2966970","article-title":"An Energy-Efficient SDN Controller Architecture for IoT Networks with Blockchain-Based Security","volume":"13","author":"Yazdinejad","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Security trends in Internet of Things: A survey","volume":"3","author":"Ragiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2021.100365","article-title":"Machine learning approaches to IoT security: A systematic literature review","volume":"14","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xingmei, X., Jing, Z., and He, W. (2013, January 12\u201313). Research on the basic characteristics, the key technologies, the network architecture and security problems of the Internet of things. Proceedings of the 2013 3rd International Conference on Computer Science and Network Technology, Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSNT.2013.6967233"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, X., Feng, Q., Fan, T., and Lei, Q. (2012, January 21\u201323). RFID Technology and Its Applications in Internet of Things (IOT). Proceedings of the 2012 2nd International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet), Yichang, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CECNet.2012.6201508"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Theo, S. (2020, April 22). Importance of Sensors in the Internet of Things. Available online: https:\/\/www.electronics.com\/technology-trends\/tech-focus\/iot-sensors."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matin, A.M. (2012). Overview of Wireless Sensor Network. Wireless Sensor Networks-Technology and Protocols, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/49376"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2020, April 22). Embedded systems in the Internet of Things\u2014Embedded system\u2014IoT. Available online: https:\/\/www.benisontech.com\/embedded-in-the-internet-of-things-2\/."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2020, April 25). Cloud Computing. Available online: https:\/\/aws.awaon.com\/what-is-cloud-computing\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Bauer, M. (2011). Internet-of-Things Architecture Project Deliverable D1 2\u2014Initial Architectural Reference Model for IoT. Architecture, 1\u201397."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2012.07.010","article-title":"The Social Internet of Things (SIoT)\u2014When social networks meet the Internet of Things: Concept, architecture and network characterization","volume":"56","author":"Atzori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, Z., Denker, G., Giannelli, C., Bellavista, P., and Venkatasubramanian, N. (2014, January 5\u20139). A Software Defined Networking architecture for the Internet-of-Things. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS), Krakow, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/NOMS.2014.6838365"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y.-F., Nagaraja, K., Li, S., and Raychaudhuri, D. (2013, January 20\u201323). A Mobile Phone Based WSN Infrastructure for IoT over Future Internet Architecture. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Green Computing and Communications and IEEE Internet of Things and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/GreenCom-iThings-CPSCom.2013.89"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, D., Tripathi, G., and Jara, A.J. (2014, January 6\u20138). A survey of Internet-of-Things: Future vision, architecture, challenges and services. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2014.6803174"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cecchinel, C., Jimenez, M., Mosser, S., and Riveill, M. (July, January 27). An Architecture to Support the Collection of Big Data in the Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE World Congress on Services, Anchorage, AK, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SERVICES.2014.83"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraijak, S., and Tuwanut, P. (2015, January 18\u201320). A survey on internet of things architecture, protocols, possible applications, security, privacy, real-world implementation and future trends. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 16th International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCT.2015.7399787"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"291","article-title":"A survey on Internet of Things architectures","volume":"30","author":"Ray","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2016.20","article-title":"Reference Architectures for the Internet of Things","volume":"33","author":"Weyrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Softw."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Priyadarshi, D., and Behura, A. (2018, January 3\u20135). Analysis of Different IoT Protocols for Heterogeneous Devices and Cloud Platform. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP), Chennai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSP.2018.8524531"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-sarawi, S., Anbar, M., Alieyan, K., and Alzubaidi, M. (2017, January 17\u201318). Internet of Things (IoT) communicationprotocols: Review. Proceedings of the 2017 8th International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT), Amman, Jordan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITECH.2017.8079928"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9324035","article-title":"Internet of Things: Architectures, Protocols, and Applications","volume":"2017","author":"Sethi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Avsystem (2020, April 22). What Is IoT Architecture?. Available online: http:\/\/www.avsystem.com\/blog\/what-is-iot-architecture\/."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700685","article-title":"Internet of Malicious Things: Correlating Active and Passive Measurements for Inferring and Characterizing Internet-Scale Unsolicited IoT Devices","volume":"56","author":"Shaikh","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, T., Sekar, V., Seshan, S., Agarwal, Y., and Xu, C. (2015, January 16\u201317). Handling a trillion (unfixable) flaws on a billion devices: Re-thinking network security for the Internet-of-Things. Proceedings of the 14th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks, Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2834050.2834095"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrea, I., Chrysostomou, C., and Hadjichristofi, G.C. (2015, January 6\u20139). Internet of Things: Security vulnerabilities and challenges. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communication (ISCC), Larnaca, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC.2015.7405513"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2018.3011034","article-title":"Intrusion Detection in the Era of IoT: Building Trust via Traffic Filtering and Sampling","volume":"51","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nawir, M., Amir, A., Yaakob, N., and Lynn, O.B. (2016, January 11\u201312). Internet of Things (IoT): Taxonomy of security attacks. Proceedings of the 2016 3rd International Conference on Electronic Design (ICED), Phuket, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICED.2016.7804660"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atlam, H.F., and Wills, G.B. (2020). IoT Security, Privacy, Safety and Ethics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18732-3_8"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Trend Micro (2020, April 23). Into the Battlefield: A Security Guide to IoT Botnets. Available online: http:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/vinfo\/in\/security\/news\/internet-of-things\/into-the-battlefield-a-security-guide-to-iot-botnets."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"355","article-title":"A Comprehensive IoT Attacks Survey based on a Building-blocked Reference Model","volume":"9","author":"Akram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.10.168","article-title":"Towards Security on Internet of Things: Applications and Challenges in Technology","volume":"141","author":"Sadique","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proced. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2017.04.003","article-title":"A roadmap for security challenges in the Internet of Things","volume":"4","author":"Sfar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Digit. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.11.025","article-title":"Current research on Internet of Things (IoT) security: A survey","volume":"148","author":"Noor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"22","article-title":"Security in the Internet of Things Supervisor","volume":"2011","author":"Gudymenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Intensive Program Inform. Commun. Secur."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitter-Jones, J. (2018, January 23\u201326). Security review on the Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2018 3rd International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/FMEC.2018.8364059"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benzarti, S., Triki, B., and Korbaa, O. (2017, January 8\u201310). A survey on attacks in Internet of Things based networks. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Engineering & MIS (ICEMIS), Monastir, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEMIS.2017.8273006"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deogirikar, J., and Vidhate, A. (2017, January 10\u201311). Security attacks in IoT: A survey. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC), Palladam, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/I-SMAC.2017.8058363"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Paul, F. (2020, January 21). Top 10 IoT Vulnerabilities. OWASP. Available online: https:\/\/www.networkworld.com\/article\/3332032\/top-10-iot-vulnerabilities,html."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Rane, A. (2020, April 22). IoT Security Starts with Secure Boot. Available online: https:\/\/www.embedded-computing.com\/embedded-computing-design\/iot-security-starts-with-secure-boot."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1109\/TMSCS.2015.2498605","article-title":"Privacy and Security in Internet of Things and Wearable Devices","volume":"1","author":"Arias","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multi-Scale Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Bhardwaj, M. (2020, January 03). Security in Internet of Things Applications. Available online: https:\/\/www.iotworldtoday.com\/2017\/09\/23\/iot-device-security-comprehensive-look-edge-cloud\/."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porambage, P., Schmitt, C., Kumar, P., Gurtov, A., and Ylianttila, M. (2014). PAuthKey: A Pervasive Authentication Protocol and Key Establishment Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks in Distributed IoT Applications. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw., 10.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/357430"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafagh, H., Hithnawi, A., and Duquennoy, S. (2015, January 1\u20134). Talos: Encrypted Query Processing for the Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems, Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1145\/2809695.2809723"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sivanathan, A., Gharakheili, H.H., and Sivaraman, V. (2018, January 21\u201322). Can We Classify an IoT Device using TCP Port Scan?. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation for Sustainability (ICIAfS), Colombo, Sri Lanka.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIAFS.2018.8913346"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markowsky, L., and Markowsky, G. (2015, January 24\u201326). Scanning for vulnerable devices in the Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 8th International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications (IDAACS), Warsaw, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/IDAACS.2015.7340779"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ercolani, V.J., Patton, M.W., and Chen, H. (2016, January 28\u201330). Shodan visualized. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI), Tucson, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISI.2016.7745467"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konstantinou, C., and Maniatakos, M. (2015, January 2\u20135). Impact of firmware modification attacks on power systems field devices. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm), Miami, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartGridComm.2015.7436314"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halperin, D., Heydt-Benjamin, T.S., Ransford, B., Clark, S.S., Defend, B., Morgan, W., Fu, K., Kohno, T., and Maisel, W.H. (2008, January 18\u201322). Pacemakers and Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators: Software Radio Attacks and Zero-Power Defenses. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, Oakland, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2008.31"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"209","article-title":"The Current State of Access Control for Smart Devices in Homes","volume":"29","author":"Ur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Workshop Home Usable Priv. Secur."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2020, April 23). 5 Simple IoT Devices That Can Become Entry Points for Hackers\u2014CPO Magazine. Available online: https:\/\/www.cpomagazine.com\/tech\/5-simple-iot-devices-that-can-become-entry-points-for-hackers\/."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Saiful, M., Mamun, I., Kabir, A.F.M.S., Hossen, S., and Hayat, R. (2009, January 17\u201320). Policy based intrusion detection and response system in hierarchical WSN architecture. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communication, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace & Electronic Systems Technology, Wireless Vitae\u201909, Aalborg, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.02.013","article-title":"A machine Learning-Based FinTech cyber threat attribution framework using high-level indicators of compromise","volume":"96","author":"Noor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinlan, J.R. (1986). Induction of Decision Trees. Machine Learning, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00116251"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplantzis, S., Shilton, A., Mani, N., and Sekercioglu, Y.A. (2007, January 3\u20136). Detecting Selective Forwarding Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks using Support Vector Machines. Proceedings of the 2007 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information, Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSNIP.2007.4496866"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Arroyo, M., and Sucar, L.E. (2006, January 20\u201324). Learning an Optimal Naive Bayes Classifier. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR\u201906), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2006.748"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Yegnanarayana, B. (2009). Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyelade, J., Isewon, I., Oladipupo, O., Emebo, O., Omogbadegun, Z., Aromolaran, O., Uwoghiren, E., Olaniyan, D., and Olawole, O. (2019, January 1\u20134). Data Clustering: Algorithms and Its Applications. Proceedings of the 2019 19th International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA), Sankt Petersburg, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSA.2019.000-1"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Meyer-Baese, A., and Volker, J.S. (2014). Pattern Recognition and Signal Analysis in Medical Imaging, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Elbir, A.M., and Coleri, S. (2020). Federated Learning for Vehicular Networks. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Shahid, M.R., Blanc, G., Zhang, Z., and Debar, H. (2019). Machine Learning for IoT Network Monitoring. (Rendez-Vous la Rech. l\u2019Enseignement la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 des Syst\u00e8mes d\u2019Information), RESSI."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6556","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2908019","article-title":"Machine Learning-Based Link Fault Identification and Localization in Complex Networks","volume":"6","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/19393555.2015.1125974","article-title":"The evaluation of Network Anomaly Detection Systems: Statistical analysis of the UNSW-NB15 data set and the comparison with the KDD99 data set","volume":"25","author":"Moustafa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inf. Secur. J. Glob. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ioannou, C., and Vassiliou, V. (2019, January 29\u201331). Classifying Security Attacks in IoT Networks Using Supervised Learning. Proceedings of the 2019 15th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS), Santorini Island, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/DCOSS.2019.00118"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, S., Li, W., Zia, T., and Zomaya, A.Y. (2017, January 6\u201310). A Dimension Reduction Model and Classifier for Anomaly-Based Intrusion Detection in Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 15th International Conference on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, 15th International Conference on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, 3rd International Conference on Big Data Intelligence and Computing and Cyber Science and Technology Congress (DASC\/PiCom\/DataCom\/CyberSciTech), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC-PICom-DataCom-CyberSciTec.2017.141"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1109\/JCN.2018.000041","article-title":"Design of cognitive fog computing for intrusion detection in Internet of Things","volume":"20","author":"Prabavathy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.-Y., Wi, S.-R., Seo, E., Jung, J.-K., and Chung, T.-M. (2017, January 22\u201324). ProFiOt: Abnormal Behavior Profiling (ABP) of IoT devices based on a machine learning approach. Proceedings of the 2017 27th International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC), Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ATNAC.2017.8215434"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2017.1800079","article-title":"Active Learning for Wireless IoT Intrusion Detection","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73713","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2884293","article-title":"Fog-Assisted SDN Controlled Framework for Enduring Anomaly Detection in an IoT Network","volume":"6","author":"Shafi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2986444","article-title":"Machine Learning in IoT Security: Current Solutions and Future Challenges","volume":"22","author":"Hussain","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Gupta, D.S. (2021, March 01). Fundamentals of Deep Learning\u2014Activation Functions and When to Use Them?. Available online: https:\/\/www.analyticsvidhya.com\/blog\/2020\/01\/fundamentals-deep-learning-activation-functions-when-to-use-them\/."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53040","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2912200","article-title":"Review of Deep Learning Algorithms and Architectures","volume":"7","author":"Shrestha","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albawi, S., Mohammed, T.A.M., and Alzawi, S. (2017, January 21\u201323). Understanding of a convolutional neural network. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Engineering and Technology (ICET), Antalya, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEngTechnol.2017.8308186"},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"(2020, April 22). Understanding RNN and LSTM-Towards Data Science. Available online: https:\/\/towardsdatascience.com\/understanding-rnn-and-lstm-f7cdf6dfc14e."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"(2020, April 22). Deep Learning|Introduction to Long Short Term Memory\u2014GeeksforGeeks. Available online: https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/deep-learning-introduction-to-long-short-term-memory\/."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4815","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2871719","article-title":"An Ensemble Intrusion Detection Technique Based on Proposed Statistical Flow Features for Protecting Network Traffic of Internet of Things","volume":"6","author":"Moustafa","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"(2020, April 22). A Practical Guide to ReLU-Danqing Liu\u2014Medium. Available online: https:\/\/medium.com\/@danqing\/a-practical-guide-to-relu-b83caSO4f1f7."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahid, M.R., Blanc, G., and Zhang, Z. (2019, January 26\u201328). Anomalous Communications Detection in IoT Networks Using Sparse Auto-encoders. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 18th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA), Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/NCA.2019.8935007"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"1","article-title":"N-Baiot\u2014Network-based Detection of IoT Botnet Attacks Using Deep Autoencoders","volume":"13","author":"Meidan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDermott, C.D., Majdani, F., and Petrovski, A.V. (2018, January 8\u201313). Botnet Detection in the Internet of Things using Deep Learning Approaches. Proceedings of the 2018 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2018.8489489"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.08.043","article-title":"Distributed attack detection scheme using deep learning approach for Internet of Things","volume":"82","author":"Diro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1109\/TETCI.2017.2772792","article-title":"A Deep Learning Approach to Network Intrusion Detection","volume":"2","author":"Shone","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput. Intell."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124379","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2937347","article-title":"Cyber Security Threats Detection in Internet of Things Using Deep Learning Approach","volume":"7","author":"Ullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7515","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2901348","article-title":"Capsule Network Assisted IoT Traffic Classification Mechanism for Smart Cities","volume":"6","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Telikani, A., and Gandomi, A.H. (2019). Cost-sensitive stacked auto-encoders for intrusion detection in the Internet of Things. Internet Things, 100122.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2019.100122"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.03.007","article-title":"A deep Recurrent Neural Network based approach for Internet of Things malware threat hunting","volume":"85","author":"Dehghantanha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7608","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2902376","article-title":"RNN-Assisted Network Coding for Secure Heterogeneous Internet of Things with Unreliable Storage","volume":"6","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2018.2864536","article-title":"Security Testbed for Internet-of-Things Devices","volume":"68","author":"Siboni","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Reliab."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.09.068","article-title":"Analysis of Eight Data Mining Algorithms for Smarter Internet of Things (IoT)","volume":"98","author":"Alam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proced. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Robinson, R.R.R., and Thomas, C. (2015, January 10\u201312). Ranking of machine learning algorithms based on the performance in classifying DDoS attacks. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Recent Advances in Intelligent Computational Systems (RAICS), Trivandrum, India."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2018.2825478","article-title":"IoT Security Techniques Based on Machine Learning: How Do IoT Devices Use AI to Enhance Security?","volume":"35","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2320099","article-title":"Machine Learning in Wireless Sensor Networks: Algorithms, Strategies, and Applications","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.003308","article-title":"Learning About Machine Learning: The Promise and Pitfalls of Big Data and the Electronic Health Record","volume":"9","author":"Deo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"Gudikandula, P. (2021, March 01). Recurrent Neural Networks and LSTM Explained-Medium. Available online: https:\/\/medium.com\/@purnasaigudikandula\/recurrent-neural-networks-and-lstm-explained-7f51c7f6bbb9."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1701270","article-title":"Leveraging LSTM Networks for Attack Detection in Fog-to-Things Communications","volume":"56","author":"Diro","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fazeldehkordi, E., Owe, O., and Noll, J. (2019, January 8\u201310). Security and Privacy in IoT Systems: A Case Study of Healthcare Products. Proceedings of the 2019 13th International Symposium on Medical Information and Communication Technology (ISMICT), Oslo, Norway.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMICT.2019.8743971"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, I., and Kumar, D. (2019, January 21\u201322). Improving IOT Based Architecture of Healthcare System. Proceedings of the 2019 4th International Conference on Information Systems and Computer Networks (ISCON), Mathura, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCON47742.2019.9036287"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavanya, S., and Divyabharathi, J. (2017, January 16\u201318). Remote prescription and I-Home healthcare based on IoT. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Innovations in Green Energy and Healthcare Technologies (IGEHT), Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGEHT.2017.8094069"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bangotra, D.K., Singh, Y., Selwal, A., Kumar, N., Singh, P.K., and Hong, W.-C. (2020). An Intelligent Opportunistic Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks and Its Application Towards e-Healthcare. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20143887"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, N. (2017, January 17\u201319). IoT architecture and system design for healthcare systems. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Smart Technologies for Smart Nation (SmartTechCon), Bengaluru, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartTechCon.2017.8358543"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2664072","article-title":"Structural Health Monitoring Framework Based on Internet of Things: A Survey","volume":"4","author":"Tokognon","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alromaihi, S., Elmedany, W., and Balakrishna, C. (2018, January 6\u20138). Cyber Security Challenges of Deploying IoT in Smart Cities for Healthcare Applications. Proceedings of the 2018 6th International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud Workshops (FiCloudW), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/W-FiCloud.2018.00028"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poorejbari, S., and Mansoor, W. (2019, January 30\u201331). Smart healthcare systems on improving the efficiency of healthcare services. Proceedings of the 2019 2nd International Conference on Signal Processing and Information Security (ICSPIS), Dubai, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPIS48135.2019.9045894"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newaz, A.I., Sikder, A.K., Rahman, M.A., and Uluagac, A.S. (2019, January 22\u201325). HealthGuard: A Machine Learning-Based Security Framework for Smart Healthcare Systems. Proceedings of the 2019 6th International Conference on Social Networks Analysis, Management and Security (SNAMS), Granada, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/SNAMS.2019.8931716"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2961372","article-title":"Machine Learning Adoption in Blockchain-Based Smart Applications: The Challenges, and a Way Forward","volume":"8","author":"Tanwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2021.103521","article-title":"6G-enabled Edge Intelligence for Ultra -Reliable Low Latency Applications: Vision and Mission","volume":"77","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Stand. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, R., Nair, A., Tanwar, S., and Kumar, N. (2021). Blockchain-assisted secure UAV communication in 6G environment: Architecture, opportunities, and challenges. IET Commun., 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1049\/cmu2.12113"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, R., Member, S., Tanwar, S., Tyagi, S., and Kumar, N. (2019, January 28\u201331). HaBiTs: Blockchain-based Telesurgery Framework. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Computer, Information and Telecommunication Systems (CITS), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CITS.2019.8862127"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, R., Thakker, U., Tanwar, S., Obaidat, M.S., and Hsiao, K.-F. (2020, January 5\u20137). BITS: A Blockchain-driven Intelligent Scheme for Telesurgery System. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Computer, Information and Telecommunication Systems (CITS), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CITS49457.2020.9232662"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.01.023","article-title":"Blockchain envisioned UAV networks: Challenges, solutions, and comparisons","volume":"151","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2020.05.004","article-title":"Blockchain and AI amalgamation for energy cloud management: Challenges, solutions, and future directions","volume":"143","author":"Kumari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, R., Kumari, A., and Tanwar, S. (2020). A taxonomy of blockchain envisioned edge-as-a-connected autonomous vehicles. Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol., 1\u201324.","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4009"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pardakhe, N.V., and Deshmukh, V.M. (2019, January 18\u201320). Machine Learning and Blockchain Techniques Used in Healthcare System. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Pune Section International Conference (PuneCon), Pune, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/PuneCon46936.2019.9105710"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/MCI.2016.2601758","article-title":"Smart Car [Application Notes]","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Intell. Mag."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1109\/MITS.2019.2898973","article-title":"Security and Privacy Issues in Intelligent Transportation Systems: Classification and Challenges","volume":"13","author":"Hahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Transp. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2020.04.007","article-title":"Attacks and defences on intelligent connected vehicles: A survey","volume":"6","author":"Dibaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Digit. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2014.2342271","article-title":"Potential Cyberattacks on Automated Vehicles","volume":"16","author":"Petit","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2017.1600257","article-title":"In-Vehicle Network Attacks and Countermeasures: Challenges and Future Directions","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1504\/IJVAS.2018.096153","article-title":"Emerging security concerns for smart vehicles and proposed IoT solutions","volume":"14","author":"Aswath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Veh. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_141","unstructured":"Miller, C., and Valasek, C. (2015). Remote Exploitation of an Unaltered Passenger Vehicle. Black Hat USA, S91."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hacking US Traffic Control System","volume":"22","author":"Cerrudo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. DEFCON"},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"(2021, February 21). Fiat Chrysler Recalls 1.4 Million Cars after Jeep Hack\u2014BBC News. Available online: https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/technology-33650491."},{"key":"ref_144","unstructured":"(2021, February 21). Tesla Driver Dies in First Fatal Crash While Using Autopilot Mode Technology the Guardian. Available online: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2016\/jun\/30\/tesla-autopilot-death-self-driving-car-elon-musk."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santhosh, N., Srinivsan, M., and Ragupathy, K. (2020). Internet of Things (IoT) in smart manufacturing. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., 764.","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/764\/1\/012025"},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"Maggi, F., Pogliani, M., and Milano, P. (2020). Attacks on Smart Manufacturing Systems, Trend Micro Research."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Faruque, M.A., Chhetri, S.R., Canedo, A., and Wan, J. (2016, January 11\u201314). Acoustic Side-Channel Attacks on Additive Manufacturing Systems. Proceedings of the 2016 ACM\/IEEE 7th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS), Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCPS.2016.7479068"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2017.05.007","article-title":"Cyber-physical vulnerabilities in additive manufacturing systems: A case study attack on the.STL file with human subjects","volume":"44","author":"Sturm","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1109\/TSUSC.2019.2913317","article-title":"Sustainable Secure Management Against APT Attacks for Intelligent Embedded-Enabled Smart Manufacturing","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Comput."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.05.030","article-title":"M-Tesla-Based Security Assessment in Wireless Sensor Network","volume":"132","author":"Tanwar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, P.K., Paw\u0142owski, W., Tanwar, S., Kumar, N., Rodrigues, J.J., and Obaidat, M.S. (2020). Proceedings of First International Conferenceon Computing, Communications,and Cyber-Security (IC4S 2019), Springer. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-3369-3"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/5\/1809\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:33:24Z","timestamp":1760160804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/5\/1809"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"references-count":151,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s21051809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21051809","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]}}}