{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:05:10Z","timestamp":1787029510887,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016R1A6A1A03012812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016R1A6A1A03012812"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010218","name":"Department of Science and Technology, Philippines","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010218","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The widespread presence of heavy metals in drinking water sources arises as a major health concern, particularly in developing countries. The development of low-cost and reliable detection techniques is identified as a societal need to provide affordable water quality control. Herein, a bismuth film-coated gold ultramicroelectrode array (BF-UMEA) was used for the detection of Pb(II) and Cd(II) in water samples via square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). Experimental parameters such as deposition time, Bi(III) concentration, acetate buffer concentration, pH, square wave frequency, amplitude, and step potential were all varied to determine their effects on the current peak intensities of the target metal ions. Ten-fold excess in the concentration of interferences was found to cause a decrease in the stripping peak areas of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in the following order of magnitude: benzene &lt; NaCl &lt; Ni(II) &lt; Cu(II). Using Box\u2013Behnken design, the optimum SWASV parameters that provided maximum current peak areas were 14.76 Hz (frequency), 50.10 mV (amplitude), and 8.76 mV (step potential). The limits of detection of the as-prepared BF-UMEA were 5 and 7 \u00b5g L\u22121 for Pb(II) and Cd(II), respectively. These results demonstrate the potential use of a BF-UMEA in SWASV for the trace quantification of Pb(II) and Cd(II) in water samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T11:46:09Z","timestamp":1614944769000},"page":"1811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Bismuth Film-Coated Gold Ultramicroelectrode Array for Simultaneous Quantification of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sandra Enn D.","family":"Bahinting","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2830-8424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Analiza P.","family":"Rollon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines"},{"name":"Environmental Engineering Program, National Graduate School of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1417-6416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergi","family":"Garcia-Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0354-4292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vince Carlo C.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7832-0862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benny Marie B.","family":"Ensano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Core Research Center for Disaster-free and Safe Ocean City Construction, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf Ruffel M.","family":"Abarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Engineering Program, National Graduate School of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jurng-Jae","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6420-0904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark Daniel G.","family":"de Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines"},{"name":"Environmental Engineering Program, National Graduate School of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.05.126","article-title":"Assessment of heavy metal pollution from anthropogenic activities and remediation strategies: A review","volume":"246","author":"Vareda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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