{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T22:28:05Z","timestamp":1780352885654,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-15-1-0575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-15-1-0575"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2014-04666"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2014-04666"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advances in lower-limb prosthetic technologies have facilitated the restoration of ambulation; however, users of such technologies still experience reduced balance control, also due to the absence of proprioceptive feedback. Recent efforts have demonstrated the ability to restore kinesthetic feedback in upper-limb prosthesis applications; however, technical solutions to trigger the required muscle vibration and provide automated feedback have not been explored for lower-limb prostheses. The study\u2019s first objective was therefore to develop a feedback system capable of tracking lower-limb movement and automatically triggering a muscle vibrator to induce the kinesthetic illusion. The second objective was to investigate the developed system\u2019s ability to provide kinesthetic feedback in a case participant. A low-cost, wireless feedback system, incorporating two inertial measurement units to trigger a muscle vibrator, was developed and tested in an individual with limb loss above the knee. Our system had a maximum communication delay of 50 ms and showed good tracking of Gaussian and sinusoidal movement profiles for velocities below 180 degrees per second (error &lt; 8 degrees), mimicking stepping and walking, respectively. We demonstrated in the case participant that the developed feedback system can successfully elicit the kinesthetic illusion. Our work contributes to the integration of sensory feedback in lower-limb prostheses, to increase their use and functionality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]],"date-time":"2021-03-07T21:52:15Z","timestamp":1615153935000},"page":"1844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Cost-Effective Inertial Measurement System for Tracking Movement and Triggering Kinesthetic Feedback in Lower-Limb Prosthesis Users"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"McNiel-Inyani","family":"Keri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8442-9901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed W.","family":"Shehata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz Group Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul D.","family":"Marasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Bionic Integration, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, ND20, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"},{"name":"Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Boulevard 151 W\/APT, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0788-0568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline S.","family":"Hebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz Group Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1098 Research Transition Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V2, Canada"},{"name":"Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Alberta Health Services, 10230 111 Avenue NW, Edmonton, AB T5G 0B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert H.","family":"Vette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada"},{"name":"Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Alberta Health Services, 10230 111 Avenue NW, Edmonton, AB T5G 0B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3109\/03093649609164424","article-title":"Statistical analysis of amputations and trends in Korea","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prosthet. 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