{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T22:20:12Z","timestamp":1769206812198,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014M3A9D7070732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014M3A9D7070732"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2016M3A9F1941829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2016M3A9F1941829"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-0-01303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-0-01303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008005","name":"Yonsei University College of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6-2018-0202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6-2018-0202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Yonsei University College of Nursing","award":["6-2017-0110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6-2017-0110"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a need for continuous, non-invasive monitoring of biological data to assess health and wellbeing. Currently, many types of smart patches have been developed to continuously monitor body temperature, but few trials have been completed to evaluate psychometrics and feasibility for human subjects in real-life scenarios. The aim of this feasibility study was to evaluate the reliability, validity and usability of a smart patch measuring body temperature in healthy adults. The smart patch consisted of a fully integrated wearable wireless sensor with a multichannel temperature sensor, signal processing integrated circuit, wireless communication feature and a flexible battery. Thirty-five healthy adults were recruited for this test, carried out by wearing the patches on their upper chests for 24 h and checking their body temperature six times a day using infrared forehead thermometers as a gold standard for testing validity. Descriptive statistics, one-sampled and independent t-tests, Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plot were examined for body temperatures between two measures. In addition, multiple linear regression, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and qualitative content analysis were conducted. Among the 35 participants, 29 of them wore the patch for over 19 h (dropout rate: 17.14%). Mean body temperature measured by infrared forehead thermometers and smart patch ranged between 32.53 and 38.2 \u00b0C per person and were moderately correlated (r = 0.23\u20130.43) overall. Based on a Bland-Altman plot, approximately 94% of the measurements were located within one standard deviation (upper limit = 4.52, lower limit = \u22125.82). Most outliers were identified on the first measurement and were located below the lower limit. It is appropriate to use 37.5 \u00b0C in infrared forehead temperature as a cutoff to define febrile conditions. Users\u2019 position while checking and ambient temperature and humidity are not affected to the smart patch body temperature. Overall, the participants showed high usability and satisfaction on the survey. Few participants reported discomfort due to limited daily activity, itchy skin or detaching concerns. In conclusion, epidermal electronic sensor technologies provide a promising method for continuously monitoring individuals\u2019 body temperatures, even in real-life situations. Our study findings show the potential for smart patches to monitoring non-febrile condition in the community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]],"date-time":"2021-03-07T21:52:15Z","timestamp":1615153935000},"page":"1855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Smart Patch for Skin Temperature: Preliminary Study to Evaluate Psychometrics and Feasibility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3719-0111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heejung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"},{"name":"Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1747-4539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunkook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam 13509, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4227-5638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yumie","family":"Rhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Research Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sungho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam 13509, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Rang","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunju","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Naqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soyun","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Walker, H.K., Hall, W.D., and Hurst, J.W. 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