{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T15:14:51Z","timestamp":1779894891374,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]],"date-time":"2021-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We review fiber-based multimode interference (MMI) devices with a particular focus on optical fiber-based sensing applications. The present review complements a recently published, extensive review where the sensing of conventional physical variables such as refractive index, temperature, displacement, and strain was covered. This review focuses on MMI fiber sensors for nonconventional physical variables, including mechanical, electromagnetic, chemical, and optical, covering around fifteen years of work in the field. Finally, by the end of this paper, we also review some new trends of MMI-based schemes based on polymer fibers, for wavelength-locking applications, for retrieving the thermo-optic coefficient of liquid samples, and for measuring the dynamics of complex fluids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]],"date-time":"2021-03-07T21:52:15Z","timestamp":1615153935000},"page":"1862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Optical Sensing Using Fiber-Optic Multimode Interference Devices: A Review of Nonconventional Sensing Schemes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7120-8253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Rafael","family":"Guzm\u00e1n-Sep\u00falveda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Monterrey, V\u00eda del Conocimiento 201, Parque de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica, km 9.5 de la Autopista Nueva al Aeropuerto, Apodaca, 66600 Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9320-7021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Guzm\u00e1n-Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Divisi\u00f3n de Ingenier\u00edas, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, km 3.5 + 1.8 carretera Salamanca-Valle de Santiago, Salamanca, 36730 Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo Alberto","family":"Castillo-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias F\u00edsico Matem\u00e1ticas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza, 66455 Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"401","article-title":"Lxxvi. Facts Relating to Optical Science. No. Iv","volume":"9","author":"Talbot","year":"1836","journal-title":"Lond. Edinb. Philos. Mag. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/14786448108626995","article-title":"On Copying Diffraction-Gratings, and on Some Phenomena Connected Therewith","volume":"11","author":"Rayleigh","year":"1881","journal-title":"Phil. Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.55.000373","article-title":"Theory of Fresnel Images. I. Plane Periodic Objects in Monochromatic Light","volume":"55","author":"Winthrop","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.57.000772","article-title":"Self-Imaging Objects of Infinite Aperture","volume":"57","author":"Montgomery","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1080\/09500349608232876","article-title":"Integer, Fractional and Fractal Talbot Effects","volume":"43","author":"Berry","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Mod. Opt."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.21.001424","article-title":"Exact self-imaging of transversely periodic fields","volume":"21","author":"Saastamoinen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.63.000416","article-title":"Image formation using self-imaging techniques","volume":"63","author":"Bryngdahl","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4018(75)90095-4","article-title":"Image formation by phase coincidences in optical waveguides","volume":"13","author":"Ulrich","year":"1975","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1109\/50.372474","article-title":"Optical multi-mode interference devices based on self-imaging: Principles and applications","volume":"13","author":"Soldano","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okamoto, K. (2006). Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012525096-2\/50003-9"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2004.824379","article-title":"Wavelength Tunable Fiber Lens Based on Multimode Interference","volume":"22","author":"Mohammed","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.31.002547","article-title":"All-fiber multimode interference bandpass filter","volume":"31","author":"Mohammed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"May-Arrioja, D.A., Antonio-Lopez, J.E., S\u00e1nchez-Mondrag\u00f3n, J.J., and LiKamWa, P. (2015). Tunable Lasers Based on Multimode Interference Effects. Advanced Lasers, Springer.","DOI":"10.1364\/LAOP.2014.LF2C.1"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3015086","article-title":"Advances in Optical Fiber Sensors Based on Multimode Interference (MMI): A Review","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2007.915205","article-title":"Investigation on Single-Mode\u2013Multimode\u2013Single-Mode Fiber Structure","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, W., Shi, J., Yang, X., Xu, D., Rong, F., Zhao, J., and Yao, J. (2017). Improved Numerical Calculation of the Single-Mode-No-Core-Single-Mode Fiber Structure Using the Fields Far from Cutoff Approximation. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102240"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2013.08.070","article-title":"Improved self-imaging for multi-mode optical fiber involving cladding refractive index","volume":"311","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.000591","article-title":"Widely Tunable Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser Based on Multimode Interference Effect","volume":"18","author":"LiKamWa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7937","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.007937","article-title":"High sensitivity SMS fiber structure based refractometer\u2014Analysis and experiment","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2013.10.001","article-title":"Tunable fiber laser based on the refractive index characteristic of MMI effects","volume":"57","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2020.112160","article-title":"Review of no-core optical fiber sensor and applications","volume":"313","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Wu, Q., Qu, Y., Liu, J., Yuan, J., Wan, S.-P., Wu, T., He, X.-D., Liub, B., Liuc, D., and Ma, Y. (2020). Singlemode-Multimode-Singlemode Fiber Structures for Sensing Applications\u2014A Review. IEEE Sens. J., 1."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.25688","article-title":"A novel highly sensitive optical fiber microphone based on single mode-multimode-single mode structure. Microw","volume":"53","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2014.03.015","article-title":"The use of a bend singlemode\u2013multimode\u2013singlemode (SMS) fibre structure for vibration sensing","volume":"63","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzman-Sepulveda, J.R., Hernandez-Romano, I., Torres-Cisneros, M., and May-Arrioja, D.A. (2012). Fiber Optic Vibration Sensor Based on Multimode Interference Effects. CLEO: Applications and Technology, Optical Society of America.","DOI":"10.1364\/CLEO_AT.2012.JW2A.117"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2014.04.044","article-title":"A vibration-sensing system based on SMS fiber structure","volume":"214","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2015.2408436","article-title":"Vibration Fiber Sensors Based on SM-NC-SM Fiber Structure","volume":"7","author":"Ran","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waluyo, T.B., and Bayuwati, D. (2017). An Sms (Single Mode\u2013Multi Mode\u2013Single Mode) Fiber Structure for Vibration Sensing. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, IOP Publishing.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/817\/1\/012035"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.01.023","article-title":"Acoustic frequency vibration sensor based on tapered SMS fiber structure","volume":"271","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2018.05.018","article-title":"Sensitivity enhancement of optical fiber vibration sensor through encapsulation of acoustic Helmholtz resonator","volume":"169","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188044","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3031578","article-title":"Fiber Optic Acoustic Sensor Based on SMS Structure With Thin Polymer Diaphragm for Partial Discharge Detection","volume":"8","author":"Chaganti","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-019-0572-7","article-title":"Sekartedjo Heart Rate Monitoring Sensor Based on Singlemode-Multimode-Singlemode Fiber","volume":"10","author":"Irawati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photon. Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.38.2664","article-title":"An Optomechanical Pressure Sensor Using Multimode Interference Couplers","volume":"38","author":"Hah","year":"1999","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(99)00284-8","article-title":"An optomechanical pressure sensor using multimode interference couplers with polymer waveguides on a thin p+-Si membrane","volume":"79","author":"Hah","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-P\u00e9rez, V.I., Basurto-Pensado, M.A., Urquiza-Beltr\u00e1n, G., May-Arrioja, D.A., Gasca-Herrera, E., Mondrag\u00f3n, J.J.S., and LiKamWa, P.L. (2010, January 27\u201330). Optical Fiber Sensor for Pressure Based on Multimode Interference as Sensitive Element. Proceedings of the Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference, Recife, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1364\/LAOP.2010.MB23"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2013.04.127","article-title":"Design of a Pressure Sensor of 0\u20137 Bar in Fiber Optic Using Mmi Methodology","volume":"124","author":"LiKamWa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-P\u00e9rez, V.I., Basurto-Pensado, M.A., LiKamWa, P., S\u00e1nchez-Mondrag\u00f3n, J.J., and May-Arrioja, D.A. (2011). Fiber Optic Pressure Sensor Using Multimode Interference. Journal of Physics-Conference Series, IOP Publishing.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/274\/1\/012025"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1956","article-title":"Fiber Optic Pressure Sensor Using a Conformal Polymer on Multimode Interference Device","volume":"16","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4824470","article-title":"Fiber-optic in-line magnetic field sensor based on the magnetic fluid and multimode interference effects","volume":"103","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3765","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.003765","article-title":"Magnetic field sensing based on singlemode\u2013multimode\u2013singlemode fiber structures using magnetic fluids as cladding","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.003999","article-title":"Optical fiber magnetic field sensor based on single-mode\u2013multimode\u2013single-mode structure and magnetic fluid","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"072501","DOI":"10.7567\/APEX.7.072501","article-title":"U-bent single-mode\u2013multimode\u2013single-mode fiber optic magnetic field sensor based on magnetic fluid","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Express"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ascorbe, J., Corres, J.M., Arregui, F.J., and Matias, I.R. (2015). Magnetic field sensor based on a single mode-multimode-single mode optical fiber structure. 2015 IEEE SENSORS, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2015.7370226"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8584","DOI":"10.1039\/C4SM01308E","article-title":"Recent progress in ferrofluids research: Novel applications of magnetically controllable and tunable fluids","volume":"10","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1903497","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201903497","article-title":"Flexible Ferrofluids: Design and Applications","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2302812","article-title":"An All-Fiber Optic Current Sensor Based on Ferrofluids and Multimode Interference","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83107","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4891700","article-title":"Reflective all-fiber current sensor based on magnetic fluids","volume":"85","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.25339","article-title":"A voltage sensor based on a singlemode-multimode-singlemode fiber structure. Microw","volume":"52","author":"Hatta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Jin, Y., Liang, H., Dong, X., and Wang, J. (2011, January 29\u201331). All-fiber-optic sensor for relative humidity measurement. Proceedings of the Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on Electronics and Optoelectronics, Dalian, China."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2012.10.041","article-title":"Novel optical fiber humidity sensor based on a no-core fiber structure","volume":"190","author":"Xia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2013.04.095","article-title":"Relative humidity sensor based on SMS fiber structure with polyvinyl alcohol coating","volume":"124","author":"An","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2313878","article-title":"Relative Humidity Sensor Based on SMS Fiber Structure With Two Waist-Enlarged Tapers","volume":"14","author":"An","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2016.02.001","article-title":"Low-temperature-sensitive relative humidity sensor based on tapered square no-core fiber coated with SiO2 nanoparticles","volume":"29","author":"Miao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, W., Shi, J., Yang, X., Xu, D., Rong, F., Zhao, J., and Yao, J. (2017). Relative Humidity Sensor Based on No-Core Fiber Coated by Agarose-Gel Film. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102353"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4087","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2017.2730484","article-title":"A Humidity Sensor Based on a Singlemode-Side Polished Multimode\u2013Singlemode Optical Fibre Structure Coated with Gelatin","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2016.01.039","article-title":"Novel Reflection-type Optical Fiber Methane Sensor Based on a No-core Fiber Structure","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135105","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/abd503","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide gas sensor based on TiO2\u2013ZnO composite sensing membrane-coated no-core fiber","volume":"54","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2007.06.036","article-title":"Simulations of refractive index variation in a multimode interference coupler: Application to gas sensing","volume":"278","author":"Mazingue","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.12693\/APhysPolA.124.570","article-title":"MMI Structures Covered by Bromocresol Purple for Ammonia Detection","volume":"124","author":"Szewczuk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Pol. A"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.23894","article-title":"Ratiometric wavelength monitor based on singlemode-multimode-singlemode fiber structure. Microw","volume":"50","author":"Hatta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.21512","article-title":"Multimode-fiber-based edge filter for optical wavelength measurement application and its design. Microw","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4308","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.004308","article-title":"Polymer optical fiber for large strain measurement based on multimode interference","volume":"37","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2014.2352637","article-title":"Ultra-Sensitive Strain and Temperature Sensing Based on Modal Interference in Perfluorinated Polymer Optical Fibers","volume":"6","author":"Numata","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20141173","DOI":"10.1587\/elex.12.20141173","article-title":"Strain and temperature sensing based on multimode interference in partially chlorinated polymer optical fibers","volume":"12","author":"Numata","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEICE Electron. Express"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72502","DOI":"10.7567\/APEX.8.072502","article-title":"Drastic sensitivity enhancement of temperature sensing based on multimodal interference in polymer optical fibers","volume":"8","author":"Numata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Express"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20161239","DOI":"10.1587\/elex.14.20161239","article-title":"Single-end-access strain and temperature sensing based on multimodal interference in polymer optical fibers","volume":"14","author":"Kawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEICE Electron. Express"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78002","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.56.078002","article-title":"Temperature sensing based on multimodal interference in polymer optical fibers: Room-temperature sensitivity enhancement by annealing","volume":"56","author":"Kawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"058002","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.57.058002","article-title":"Displacement sensing based on modal interference in polymer optical fibers with partially applied strain","volume":"57","author":"Mizuno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000078","DOI":"10.1002\/adpr.202000078","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Fiber-Optic Intrinsic Electromagnetic Field Sensing","volume":"2","author":"Frizera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Photon. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4168","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.004168","article-title":"Stretchable optical waveguides","volume":"22","author":"Missinne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10244","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201603160","article-title":"Highly Stretchable, Strain Sensing Hydrogel Optical Fibers","volume":"28","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700087","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201700087","article-title":"Stretchable Optical Fibers: Threads for Strain-Sensitive Textiles","volume":"2","author":"Harnett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802629","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201802629","article-title":"Stretchable Thermoplastic Elastomer Optical Fibers for Sensing of Extreme Deformations","volume":"29","author":"Leber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4570","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.004570","article-title":"Temperature-insensitive fiber-optic devices using multimode interference effect","volume":"37","author":"Tripathi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3340","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.003340","article-title":"Temperature insensitive single-mode\u2013multimode\u2013single-mode fiber optic structures with two multimode fibers in series","volume":"39","author":"Tripathi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4800","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.004800","article-title":"Passive athermalization of multimode interference devices for wavelength-locking applications","volume":"25","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Perez, V.I., Velasco-Bolom, P.M., May-Arrioja, D.A., and Guzman-Sepulveda, J.R. (2020). Measuring the Thermo-Optic Coefficient of Liquids with Athermal Multimode Interference Devi Ces. IEEE Sensors Journal, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3024924"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2018.2810502","article-title":"An All-Solid Athermal Multimode-Interference Cascaded Device for Wavelength-Locking","volume":"30","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4232","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.43.004232","article-title":"Multimode Interference Dynamic Light Scattering","volume":"43","author":"Dogariu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s003970000094","article-title":"Estimating the viscoelastic moduli of complex fluids using the generalized Stokes-Einstein equation","volume":"39","author":"Mason","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rheol. Acta"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D76","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.58.000D76","article-title":"Probing Complex Dynamics with Spatiotemporal Coherence-Gated Dls","volume":"58","author":"Dogariu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035105","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/aa577d","article-title":"A simple optical fiber interferometer based breathing sensor","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2016.2633819","article-title":"Fiber-Optic Immunosensor Based on an Etched SMS Structure","volume":"23","author":"Socorro","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1088\/0963-9659\/5\/2\/006","article-title":"Chemical sensing by surface plasmon resonance in a multimode optical fibre","volume":"5","author":"Trouillet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Opt. J. Eur. Opt. Soc. Part A"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.3390\/s110201565","article-title":"Overview of the Characteristics of Micro- and Nano-Structured Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors","volume":"11","author":"Roh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"MMao, P., Luo, Y., Chen, X., Fang, J., Huang, H., Chen, C., Peng, S., Zhang, J., Tang, J., and Lu, H. (2014). Design and optimization of multimode fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance. Numerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices, IEEE."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/5\/1862\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:34:30Z","timestamp":1760160870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/5\/1862"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s21051862"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21051862","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]]}}}