{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:52:26Z","timestamp":1760233946607,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University. Jeddah. under grant No. (DF-457-156-1441).","award":["DF-457-156-1441"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DF-457-156-1441"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postquantum cryptography for elevating security against attacks by quantum computers in the Internet of Everything (IoE) is still in its infancy. Most postquantum based cryptosystems have longer keys and signature sizes and require more computations that span several orders of magnitude in energy consumption and computation time, hence the sizes of the keys and signature are considered as another aspect of security by green design. To address these issues, the security solutions should migrate to the advanced and potent methods for protection against quantum attacks and offer energy efficient and faster cryptocomputations. In this context, a novel security framework Lightweight Postquantum ID-based Signature (LPQS) for secure communication in the IoE environment is presented. The proposed LPQS framework incorporates a supersingular isogeny curve to present a digital signature with small key sizes which is quantum-resistant. To reduce the size of the keys, compressed curves are used and the validation of the signature depends on the commutative property of the curves. The unforgeability of LPQS under an adaptively chosen message attack is proved. Security analysis and the experimental validation of LPQS are performed under a realistic software simulation environment to assess its lightweight performance considering embedded nodes. It is evident that the size of keys and the signature of LPQS is smaller than that of existing signature-based postquantum security techniques for IoE. It is robust in the postquantum environment and efficient in terms of energy and computations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T12:12:18Z","timestamp":1615205538000},"page":"1883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Towards Green Computing Oriented Security: A Lightweight Postquantum Signature for IoE"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Rinki","family":"Rani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Systems Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi 110067, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9113-2890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sushil","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Systems Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi 110067, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9669-8244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omprakash","family":"Kaiwartya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Clifton Campus, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1850-3269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad M.","family":"Khasawneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mobile Computing, Amman Arab University, Amman 11953, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0862-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Lloret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Management Coastal Research Institute, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"School of Computing and Digital Technologies, Staffordshire University, Stoke ST4 2DE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1698-0237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud Ahmad","family":"Al-Khasawneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer &amp; Information Technology, Al-Madinah International University, Kuala Lumpur 57100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0787-8225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwan","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Technology, Faculty of Applied Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6099-1027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaa Abdulsalm","family":"Alarood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farhan, L., Kharel, R., Kaiwartya, O., Quiroz-Castellanos, M., Alissa, A., and Abdulsalam, M. (2018, January 18\u201320). A concise review on Internet of Things (IoT)-problems, challenges and opportunities. Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP), Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNDSP.2018.8471762"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4049","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2876088","article-title":"Toward a Heterogeneous Mist, Fog, and Cloud-Based Framework for the Internet of Healthcare Things","volume":"6","author":"Rahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113311","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2934632","article-title":"Delimitated anti jammer scheme for Internet of vehicle: Machine learning based security approach","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2019.2921788","article-title":"PFCBAS: Pairing Free and Provable Certificate-Based Aggregate Signature Scheme for the e-Healthcare Monitoring System","volume":"14","author":"Verma","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad9480","article-title":"Realization of a scalable Shor algorithm","volume":"351","author":"Monz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkim, E., Bindel, N., Buchmann, J., Dagdelen, \u00d6., Eaton, E., Gutoski, G., Kr\u00e4mer, J., and Pawlega, F. (2017). Revisiting TESLA in the Quantum Random Oracle Model. Constructive Side-Channel Analysis and Secure Design, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59879-6_9"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ducas, L., Kiltz, E., Lepoint, T., Lyubashevsky, V., Schwabe, P., Seiler, G., and Stehl\u00e9, D. (2018). CRYSTALS-Dilithium: A Lattice-Based Digital Signature Scheme. IACR Trans. Cryptogr. Hardw. Embed. Syst., 238\u2013268.","DOI":"10.46586\/tches.v2018.i1.238-268"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stehl\u00e9, D., and Steinfeld, R. (2011). Making NTRU as Secure as Worst-Case Problems over Ideal Lattices. Proceedings of the Constructive Side-Channel Analysis and Secure Design, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20465-4_4"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernstein, D.J., Hopwood, D., H\u00fclsing, A., Lange, T., Niederhagen, R., Papachristodoulou, L., Schneider, M., Schwabe, P., and Wilcox-O\u2019Hearn, Z. (2015, January 26\u201330). SPHINCS: Practical stateless hash-based signatures. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, Sofia, Bulgaria.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46800-5_15"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/01611194.2017.1362061","article-title":"A New variant of the McEliece cryptosystem based on the Smith form of convolutional codes","volume":"42","author":"Hamza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryptologia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo, Y., Azarderakhsh, R., Jalali, A., Jao, D., and Soukharev, V. (2017, January 3\u20137). A post-quantum digital signature scheme based on supersingular isogenies. Proceedings of the International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Sliema, Malta.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70972-7_9"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Couveignes, J.M. (2020, December 25). Hard Homogeneous Spaces. Available online: http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.61.5396&rep=rep1&type=pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Rostovtsev, A., and Stolbunov, A. (2006). Public-key cryptosystem based on isogenies. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 145."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"De Feo, L., Jao, D., and Pl\u00fbt, J. (2011). Towards quantum-resistant cryptosystems from supersingular elliptic curve isogenies. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Post-Quantum Cryptography, Springer."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1515\/jmc-2012-0015","article-title":"Towards quantum-resistant cryptosystems from supersingular elliptic curve isogenies","volume":"8","author":"Jao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Math. Cryptol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costello, C., Longa, P., and Naehrig, M. (2016, January 14\u201318). Efficient Algorithms for Supersingular Isogeny Diffie-Hellman. Proceedings of the Advances in Cryptology | CRYPTO 2016: 36th Annual International Cryptology Conference, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-53018-4_21"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galbraith, S.D., Petit, C., and Silva, J. (2017). Identification protocols and signature schemes based on supersingular isogeny problems. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70694-8_1"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Adi, S. (1984). Identity-based cryptosystems and signature schemes. Proceedings of the Workshop on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques, Springer."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"238","article-title":"Isog\u00e9nies entre courbes elliptiques","volume":"Volume 273","year":"1971","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences de, C.R. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malasri, K., and Wang, L. (2007). Addressing Security in Medical Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOBILE International Workshop on Systems and Networking Support for Healthcare and Assisted Living Environments (HealthNet\u201907), Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/1248054.1248058"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Oliveira, L.B., Aranha, D., Morais, E., Daguano, F., Lopez, J., and Dahab, R. (2007, January 19\u201323). TinyTate. In Proceeding of the Identity-Based Encryption for Sensor Networks, White Plains, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Tan, C.C., Wang, H., Zhong, S., and Li, Q. (April, January 31). Body Sensor Network Security: An Identity-Based cryptography Approach. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Wireless Security, Alexandria, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Sankaran, S., Husain, M.I., and Sridhar, R. (2009, January 3\u20134). IDKEYMAN: An identity-based key management scheme for wireless ad hoc body area networks. Proceedings of the 5th Annual Symposium on Information Assurance (ASIA\u201909), Buffalo, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"37","article-title":"AES based biometrics security solution for body area sensor networks","volume":"3","author":"Miao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Adv. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1002\/sec.777","article-title":"Distributed access control with adaptive privacy preserving property for wireless sensor networks","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Secur. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"292","article-title":"Toward Quantum-Resistant Strong Designated Verifier Signature from Isogenies","volume":"5","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"2012 Fourth Int. Conf. Intelligent Netw. Collab. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Fouque, P.-A., Hoffstein, J., Kirchner, P., Lyubashevsky, V., Pornin, T., Prest, T., Ricosset, T., Seiler, G., Whyte, W., and Zhang, Z. (2020, December 10). Falcon: Fast-Fourier Lattice-Based Compact Signatures over NTRU. Available online: https:\/\/www.di.ens.fr\/~prest\/Publications\/falcon.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Casanova, A., Faugere, J.C., Macario-Rat, G., Patarin, J., Perret, L., and Ryckeghem, J. (2017). GeMSS: A Great Multivariate Short Signature. [Ph.D. Thesis, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s]. UPMC-Paris 6."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petzoldt, A., Chen, M.S., Ding, J., and Yang, B.Y. (2017, January 26\u201328). HMFEv-an efficient multivariate signature scheme. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Post-Quantum Cryptography, Utrecht, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59879-6_12"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2017.3151328","article-title":"Current State of Multivariate Cryptography","volume":"15","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Secur. Priv. Mag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/jmc-2012-0016","article-title":"Constructing elliptic curve isogenies in quantum subexponential time","volume":"8","author":"Childs","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Math. Cryptol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2974264","article-title":"A High-Speed Public-Key Signature Scheme for 8-b IoT-Constrained Devices","volume":"7","author":"Shim","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Feo, L., and Galbraith, S.D. (2019, January 19\u201323). SeaSign: Compact isogeny signatures from class group actions. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, Darmstadt, Germany.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-17659-4_26"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parrilla, L., Castillo, E., L\u00f3pez-Ramos, J.A., \u00c1lvarez-Bermejo, J.A., Garc\u00eda, A., and Morales, D.P. (2018). Unified compact ECC-AES co-processor with group-key support for IoT devices in wireless sensor networks. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010251"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussein, M.S., Ramos, J.A.L., and \u00c1lvarez-Bermejo, J.A. (2020). Distributed Key Management to Secure IoT Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart-Agro. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082242"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2020, December 15). Microsoft Research. Available online: https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/project\/sidh-library\/."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-015-0065-y","article-title":"Secure and efficient data transmission in the Internet of Things","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Telecommun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Lee, W., Kim, Y.S., and No, J.S. (2017). A New Signature Scheme Based on Punctured Reed--Muller Code with Random Insertion. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jalali, A., Azarderakhsh, R., and Mozaffari-Kermani, M. (2017, January 16\u201318). Efficient post-quantum undeniable signature on 64-bit ARM. Proceedings of the International Conference on Selected Areas in Cryptography, Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72565-9_14"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Azarderakhsh, R., Jao, D., Kalach, K., Koziel, B., and Leonardi, C. (June, January 30). Key compression for isogeny-based cryptosystems. Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Workshop on ASIA Public-Key Cryptography, Xi\u2019an, China."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee, U., Pathak, A., and Chandrakasan, A.P. (2019, January 17\u201321). 2.3 An Energy-Efficient Configurable Lattice Cryptography Processor for the Quantum-Secure Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference\u2014(ISSCC), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2019.8662528"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5500","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2903082","article-title":"Post-Quantum Cryptoprocessors Optimized for Edge and Resource-Constrained Devices in IoT","volume":"6","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01404549","article-title":"Endomorphisms of abelian varieties over finite fields","volume":"2","author":"John","year":"1966","journal-title":"Invent. Math."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1515\/jaiscr-2017-0003","article-title":"A New Mechanism for Data Visualization with Tsk-Type Preprocessed Collaborative Fuzzy Rule Based System","volume":"7","author":"Prasad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Artif. Intell. Soft Comput. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaiwartya, O., and Kumar, S. (2014, January 16). Geocasting in vehicular adhoc networks using particle swarm optimization. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems and Design of Communication, Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1145\/2618168.2618178"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/5\/1883\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:34:45Z","timestamp":1760160885000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/5\/1883"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s21051883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21051883","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]}}}