{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T06:40:46Z","timestamp":1774593646059,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007637","name":"Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (COLCIENCIAS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["757"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007637","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007637","name":"Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (COLCIENCIAS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["809 de 2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["809 de 2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007637","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuronal damage secondary to traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a rapidly evolving condition, which requires therapeutic decisions based on the timely identification of clinical deterioration. Changes in S100B biomarker levels are associated with TBI severity and patient outcome. The S100B quantification is often difficult since standard immunoassays are time-consuming, costly, and require extensive expertise. A zero-length cross-linking approach on a cysteamine self-assembled monolayer (SAM) was performed to immobilize anti-S100B monoclonal antibodies onto both planar (AuEs) and interdigitated (AuIDEs) gold electrodes via carbonyl-bond. Surface characterization was performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and specular-reflectance FTIR for each functionalization step. Biosensor response was studied using the change in charge-transfer resistance (Rct) from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in potassium ferrocyanide, with [S100B] ranging 10\u20131000 pg\/mL. A single-frequency analysis for capacitances was also performed in AuIDEs. Full factorial designs were applied to assess biosensor sensitivity, specificity, and limit-of-detection (LOD). Higher Rct values were found with increased S100B concentration in both platforms. LODs were 18 pg\/mL(AuES) and 6 pg\/mL(AuIDEs). AuIDEs provide a simpler manufacturing protocol, with reduced fabrication time and possibly costs, simpler electrochemical response analysis, and could be used for single-frequency analysis for monitoring capacitance changes related to S100B levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21061929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T02:51:06Z","timestamp":1615344666000},"page":"1929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Electrochemical Immunosensor for the Quantification of S100B at Clinically Relevant Levels Using a Cysteamine Modified Surface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6424-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Burgos-Fl\u00f3rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"},{"name":"Rational Use of Energy and Preservation of the Environment Group (UREMA), Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3864-0241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 D.","family":"Posada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA  94063, USA"}]},{"given":"Eliana","family":"Cervera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4307-3077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valtencir","family":"Zucolotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gnano\u2014Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Homero","family":"Sanju\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Sanju\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rational Use of Energy and Preservation of the Environment Group (UREMA), Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3015-0299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro J.","family":"Villalba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Peterson, A.B., Xu, L., Daugherty, J., and Breiding, M.J. 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