{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:06:11Z","timestamp":1787029571329,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-72-00051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-72-00051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0777-2020-0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0777-2020-0017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["007-GZ\/Ch3363\/26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["007-GZ\/Ch3363\/26"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The diffraction of vortex Gaussian laser beams by elementary objects of micro-optics (surface micro-defects) to recognize the type of polarization (linear, circular, radial, azimuthal) of the input radiation was investigated in this paper. We considered two main types of defects (protrusion and depression in the form of a circle and a square) with different sizes (the radius and height were varied). Light propagation (3D) through the proposed micro-defects was modeled using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The possibility of recognizing (including size change) of surface micro-defects (protrusions and depressions) and all the above types of polarization are shown. Thus, micro-defects act as sensors for the polarization state of the illuminating beam. The focusing properties of micro-defects are compared with diffractive axicons with different numerical apertures (NAs). The possibility of sub-wavelength focusing with element height change is demonstrated. In particular, it is numerically shown that a silicon cylinder (protrusion) forms a light spot with a minimum size of the all intensity FWHM of 0.28\u03bb.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21061973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T20:17:40Z","timestamp":1615493860000},"page":"1973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Near-Field Vortex Beams Diffraction on Surface Micro-Defects and Diffractive Axicons for Polarization State Recognition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2282-3895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Savelyev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technical Cybernetics, Samara National Research University, 443086 Samara, Russia"},{"name":"Image Processing Systems Institute of RAS, Branch of the FSRC \u201cCrystallography and Photonics\u201d of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPSI RAS), 443001 Samara, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0180-7522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolay","family":"Kazanskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technical Cybernetics, Samara National Research University, 443086 Samara, Russia"},{"name":"Image Processing Systems Institute of RAS, Branch of the FSRC \u201cCrystallography and Photonics\u201d of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPSI RAS), 443001 Samara, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"Dislocations in wave trains","volume":"336","author":"Nye","year":"1974","journal-title":"R. 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