{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T23:58:38Z","timestamp":1768262318579,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007801","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n S\u00e9neca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21104\/PDC\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21104\/PDC\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Liver transplantation is the only curative treatment option in patients diagnosed with end-stage liver disease. The low availability of organs demands an accurate selection procedure based on histological analysis, in order to evaluate the allograft. This assessment, traditionally carried out by a pathologist, is not exempt from subjectivity. In this sense, new tools based on machine learning and artificial vision are continuously being developed for the analysis of medical images of different typologies. Accordingly, in this work, we develop a computer vision-based application for the fast and automatic objective quantification of macrovesicular steatosis in histopathological liver section slides stained with Sudan stain. For this purpose, digital microscopy images were used to obtain thousands of feature vectors based on the RGB and CIE L*a*b* pixel values. These vectors, under a supervised process, were labelled as fat vacuole or non-fat vacuole, and a set of classifiers based on different algorithms were trained, accordingly. The results obtained showed an overall high accuracy for all classifiers (&gt;0.99) with a sensitivity between 0.844 and 1, together with a specificity &gt;0.99. In relation to their speed when classifying images, KNN and Na\u00efve Bayes were substantially faster than other classification algorithms. Sudan stain is a convenient technique for evaluating ME in pre-transplant liver biopsies, providing reliable contrast and facilitating fast and accurate quantification through the machine learning algorithms tested.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21061993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]],"date-time":"2021-03-14T23:52:06Z","timestamp":1615765926000},"page":"1993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Efficiency of Machine Learning Algorithms for the Determination of Macrovesicular Steatosis in Frozen Sections Stained with Sudan to Evaluate the Quality of the Graft in Liver Transplantation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8143-7794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"P\u00e9rez-Sanz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Informatics &amp; Bioinformatics Service, Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9204-3088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Riquelme-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS-CEA, University Paris-Saclay, MIRCen, 92265 Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Barba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Service, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"de la Pe\u00f1a-Moral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Service, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Salazar Nicol\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Service, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Carpes-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Pathology Service, Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9777-1906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel","family":"Esteban-Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Informatics &amp; Bioinformatics Service, Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3560-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Del Carmen","family":"Legaz-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Informatics &amp; Bioinformatics Service, Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9027-4050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Antonia","family":"Parre\u00f1o-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Informatics &amp; Bioinformatics Service, Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General and Digestive Surgery Service, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3307-1326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Pathology Service, Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10018-1301","article-title":"Update on Liver Transplantation: What is New Recently?","volume":"9","author":"Gurakar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Euroasian J. 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