{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:42:09Z","timestamp":1785418929972,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Motor imagery (MI) based brain\u2013computer interface (BCI) aims to provide a means of communication through the utilization of neural activity generated due to kinesthetic imagination of limbs. Every year, a significant number of publications that are related to new improvements, challenges, and breakthrough in MI-BCI are made. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the electroencephalogram (EEG) based MI-BCI system. It describes the current state of the art in different stages of the MI-BCI (data acquisition, MI training, preprocessing, feature extraction, channel and feature selection, and classification) pipeline. Although MI-BCI research has been going for many years, this technology is mostly confined to controlled lab environments. We discuss recent developments and critical algorithmic issues in MI-based BCI for commercial deployment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21062173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,21]],"date-time":"2021-03-21T23:47:41Z","timestamp":1616370461000},"page":"2173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":179,"title":["A Comprehensive Review on Critical Issues and Possible Solutions of Motor Imagery Based Electroencephalography Brain-Computer Interface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1916-3347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amardeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, 4410 Palmerston North, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9814-9107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Abdul","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, 4410 Palmerston North, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1311-6710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil","family":"Lal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, 4410 Palmerston North, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8160-5946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans W.","family":"Guesgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, 4410 Palmerston North, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A., Lal, S., and Guesgen, H.W. 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