{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T02:09:39Z","timestamp":1778810979809,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article provides a systematic review of studies on recognising bathroom activities in older adults using wearable sensors. Bathroom activities are an important part of Activities of Daily Living (ADL). The performance on ADL activities is used to predict the ability of older adults to live independently. This paper aims to provide an overview of the studied bathroom activities, the wearable sensors used, different applied methodologies and the tested activity recognition techniques. Six databases were screened up to March 2020, based on four categories of keywords: older adults, activity recognition, bathroom activities and wearable sensors. In total, 4262 unique papers were found, of which only seven met the inclusion criteria. This small number shows that few studies have been conducted in this field. Therefore, in addition, this critical review resulted in several recommendations for future studies. In particular, we recommend to (1) study complex bathroom activities, including multiple movements; (2) recruit participants, especially the target population; (3) conduct both lab and real-life experiments; (4) investigate the optimal number and positions of wearable sensors; (5) choose a suitable annotation method; (6) investigate deep learning models; (7) evaluate the generality of classifiers; and (8) investigate both detection and quality performance of an activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21062176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,21]],"date-time":"2021-03-21T23:47:41Z","timestamp":1616370461000},"page":"2176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Recognition of Bathroom Activities in Older Adults Using Wearable Sensors: A Systematic Review and Recommendations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4522-8354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, e-Media Research Lab, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"KU Leuven, Stadius, Department of Electrical Engineering, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5455-3581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ine","family":"D\u2019Haeseleer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, e-Media Research Lab, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"KU Leuven, HCI, Department of Computer Science, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4108-8435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LaSIGE, Departamento de Inform\u00e1tica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3031-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vero","family":"Vanden Abeele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, e-Media Research Lab, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"KU Leuven, HCI, Department of Computer Science, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9409-935X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart","family":"Vanrumste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, e-Media Research Lab, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"KU Leuven, Stadius, Department of Electrical Engineering, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Dynamics (2019, December 09). 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