{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:54:43Z","timestamp":1760234083004,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban rail transit (URT) systems are often regarded as the backbone of their respective city. The evolutionary features of URT systems have attracted much attention in recent years, but their evolution and their distinct function in contrast to other transit modes have seldom been investigated, especially quantitatively from the perspective of work\u2013residence separation. Accordingly, we propose a framework for exploring the evolution of URT topological networks and demand-weighted networks, comparing the different impacts of all transit modes on work\u2013residence separation. In this study, a URT passenger flow assignment model was formulated on the basis of travel cost function and an improved logit model was proposed that takes into account the heterogeneity of passengers. This model was used to generate a section load, which is regarded as a weight and able to reflect the residents\u2019 demand for travel by URT. Then, the fractal dimensions for a non-weighted network and demand-weighted network are proposed and their indications for transportation explained. Finally, the Beijing Subway System (BSS) is used as a case study by employing fifty years of network data and ten years of smart card data. Using fractal approaches, the different characteristics illustrated by the two networks were investigated and the reasons behind the observed patterns explained. In addition, the spatial features of the rail network, in terms of fractal indictors, were compared with population distribution and urban mobility for all modes, extracted from phone data as a proxy. Thus, the relationship between the residents\u2019 travel demand and traffic supply can be revealed to some extent. The main finding of this work is that demand must be taken into account when analyzing the fractal features of a transport network, lest the demand side be separated from the supply and important issues missed such as inconsistencies between demand and supply. Additionally, the role of rail transit in work\u2013home imbalance can be investigated in the context of urban mobility for an entire city.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21062179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,21]],"date-time":"2021-03-21T23:47:41Z","timestamp":1616370461000},"page":"2179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Extracting the Relationship and Evolutionary Rule Connecting Residents\u2019 Travel Demand and Traffic Supply Using Multisource Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Zijia","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Engineering and Technology Research Center of Rail Transit Line Safety and Disaster Prevention, No. 3 Shangyuancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1038-7838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhixiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youyin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s40864-020-00126-3","article-title":"Monitoring large-scale rail transit systems based on an analytic hierarchy process\/gradient-based cuckoo search algorithm (GBCS) scheme","volume":"6","author":"Talib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Rail Transit"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s40864-020-00135-2","article-title":"Service Quality of Addis Ababa Light Rail Transit: Passengers\u2019 Views and Perspectives","volume":"6","author":"Obsie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Rail Transit"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s40864-020-00129-0","article-title":"The Impact of Transit-Oriented Shopping Mall Developments (TOSMDs) on Metro Station Ridership: Dubai Metro Redline","volume":"6","author":"Abutaleb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Rail Transit"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s40864-020-00125-4","article-title":"Data Analysis to Study Sub-threshold Delays Incurred by Tyne and Wear Metro Trains","volume":"6","author":"Screen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Rail Transit"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s40864-019-00121-3","article-title":"Operational Challenges of the Bangkok Airport Rail Link","volume":"6","author":"Weerawat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Rail Transit"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/s40864-020-00136-1","article-title":"Effects of traffic loads and track parameters on rail wear: A case study for Yenikapi\u2013Ataturk Airport Light Rail Transit Line","volume":"6","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Rail Transit"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s40864-019-00120-4","article-title":"Evaluation of Actual Timetables and Utilization Levels of West Midlands Metro Using Event-Based Simulations","volume":"6","author":"Potti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Rail Transit"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s40864-020-00131-6","article-title":"Correction to: Tramways in Urban Areas: An Overview on Safety at Road Intersections","volume":"6","author":"Guerrieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Rail Transit"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s40864-020-00128-1","article-title":"Investigating the Impact of Dwell Time on the Reliability of Urban Light Rail Operations","volume":"6","author":"Christoforou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Rail Transit"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandelbrot, B.B. 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