{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:54:45Z","timestamp":1760234085069,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rural pipelines dedicated to water distribution, that is, waterworks, are essential for agriculture, notably plantations and greenhouse cultivation. Water is a primary resource for agriculture, and its optimized management is a key aspect. Saving water dispersion is not only an economic problem but also an environmental one. Spectral estimation of leakage is based on processing signals captured from sensors and\/or transducers generally mounted on pipelines. There are different techniques capable of processing signals and displaying the actual position of leaks. Not all algorithms are suitable for all signals. That means, for pipelines located underground, for example, external vibrations affect the spectral response quality; then, depending on external vibrations\/noises and flow velocity within pipeline, one should choose a suitable algorithm that fits better with the expected results in terms of leak position on the pipeline and expected time for localizing the leak. This paper presents findings related to the application of a decimated linear prediction (DLP) algorithm for agriculture and rural environments. In a certain manner, the application also detects the hydrodynamics of the water transportation. A general statement on the issue, DLP illustration, a real application and results are also included.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21062185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,21]],"date-time":"2021-03-21T23:47:41Z","timestamp":1616370461000},"page":"2185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Accurate Spectral Estimation Technique Based on Decimated Linear Predictor for Leak Detection in Waterworks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1762-419X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aim\u00e9","family":"Lay-Ekuakille","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3235-8712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vito","family":"Telesca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4058-4042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Visconti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9392-8339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola Ivan","family":"Giannoccaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, January 10). The European Federation of National Water Services, Europe\u2019s Water in Figures: An Overview of the Europe and Drinking Water and Waste Water Sectors, 2017 Edition. Available online: https:\/\/www.danva.dk\/media\/3645\/eureau_water_in_figures.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyd, G., Na, D., Li, Z., Snowling, S., Zhang, Q., and Zhou, P. (2019). Influent Forecasting for Wastewater for Wastewater Treatment Plants in North America. Sustainability, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11061764"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/0020294018758526","article-title":"Leak Detection in Plastic Water Supply Pipes with a High Signal-to-Noise Ratio Accelerometer","volume":"51","author":"Marmarokopos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meas. Control"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1134\/S106183090904010X","article-title":"Ultrasonic Pig for Submarine Oil Pipeline Corrosion Inspection","volume":"45","author":"Lei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Russ. J. Nondestruct. Test."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.2166\/hydro.2014.038","article-title":"Anomaly pre-localisation in distribution-transmission mains by pump trip: Preliminary field tests in the Milan pipe system","volume":"17","author":"Meniconi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydroinform."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2011.tb11495.x","article-title":"Real-time in-network distribution system monitoring to improve operational efficiency","volume":"103","author":"Allen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. AWWA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lay-Ekuakille, A., Vendramin, G., and Trotta, A. (2009, January 5\u20137). FFT-Based Spectral Response for Smaller Pipeline Leak Detection. Proceedings of the I\u00b2MTC\u2013IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMTC.2009.5168469"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1515\/mms-2017-0049","article-title":"Leaks Detection in Waterworks: Comparison between STFT and FFT with an Overcoming of Limitations","volume":"24","author":"Griffo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metrol. Meas. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2302394","article-title":"Decimated Signal Diagonalization Method for Improved Spectral Leak Detection in Pipelines","volume":"14","author":"Vergallo","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2008.07.007","article-title":"Spectral Analysis of Leak Detection in a Zigzag Pipeline:A Filter Diagonalisation Method-based algorithm application","volume":"42","author":"Vendramin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-smt.2012.0136","article-title":"A Robust Algorithm based on DPA Technique for Processing Sensor Data in Leak detection in Waterworks","volume":"7","author":"Vergallo","year":"2013","journal-title":"IET Sci. Meas. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2021, January 10). Sectoral Use of Water in Regions of Europe. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/figures\/sectoral-use-of-water-in-regions-of-europe."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lay-Ekuakille, A., Fabbiano, L., Vacca, G., Kidiamboko Kitoko, J., Bibala Kulapa, P., and Telesca, V. (2018). A Comparison between Decimated Pad\u00e9 Approximant and Decimated Signal Diagonalization Methods for Leak Detection in Pipelines Equipped with Pressure Sensors. Sensors, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061810"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115403","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/21\/11\/115403","article-title":"FDM-based Leak Detection of Complex Pipelines: Robust Technique for Eigenvalues Assessment","volume":"21","author":"Pariset","year":"2010","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-1524(00)00044-5","article-title":"Dynamic modeling and linear model predictive control of gas pipeline networks","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Process Control"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1981.11969","article-title":"Interpolation and decimation of digital signals\u2014A tutorial review","volume":"69","author":"Crochiere","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Marple, S.L. (1986). Digital Spectral Analysis: With Applications, Prentice-Hall, Inc."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2021, January 10). Pressure Transducers. Available online: https:\/\/www.gemssensors.com\/pressure\/pressure-tranducers."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1605","article-title":"Robust Spectral Leak Detection of Complex Pipelines using Filter Diagonalisation Method","volume":"9","author":"Vendramin","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Hohn, C.H. (1997). Estimating Water Flow from Pipes, Guide A-104. College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2021, January 10). Estimating Water Flow From Pipes. Available online: https:\/\/aces.nmsu.edu\/pubs\/_a\/A104\/welcome.html."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2021, January 10). Catalog Agriculture 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.scarabelli.it\/downloads\/."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-spr:20070043","article-title":"Modelling room transfer functions using the decimated Pade approximant","volume":"2","author":"Cowan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Signal Process. IET"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1021\/ac960755h","article-title":"Linear Prediction Cholesky Decomposition vs Fourier Transform Spectral Analysis for Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry","volume":"69","author":"Guan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S176723","article-title":"Sample size and power considerations for ordinary least squares interrupted time series analysis: A simulation study","volume":"11","author":"Hawley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"The History of Linear Prediction","volume":"154","author":"Atal","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4240","DOI":"10.3390\/su7044240","article-title":"Sustainable Water Distribution Strategy with Smart Water Grid","volume":"7","author":"Byeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2017.08.005","article-title":"Application of a multivariate statistical index on series of weather measurements at local scale","volume":"112","author":"Giorgio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2021, March 12). Ebara Pumps CMA 0.50M. Available online: https:\/\/www.centrifugal-pump-online.com\/acatalog\/Ebara-Pumps-CMA_0.50_M-160.html."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2018.09.005","article-title":"Smart irrigation forecast using satellite LANDSAT data and meteo-hydrological modeling","volume":"212","author":"Corbari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/6\/2185\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:38:40Z","timestamp":1760161120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/6\/2185"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s21062185"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21062185","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]]}}}