{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T21:32:16Z","timestamp":1784064736687,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["316810 and 316811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["316810 and 316811"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCC CNS-1831918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCC CNS-1831918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pregnancy is a unique time when many mothers gain awareness of their lifestyle and its impacts on the fetus. High-quality care during pregnancy is needed to identify possible complications early and ensure the mother\u2019s and her unborn baby\u2019s health and well-being. Different studies have thus far proposed maternal health monitoring systems. However, they are designed for a specific health problem or are limited to questionnaires and short-term data collection methods. Moreover, the requirements and challenges have not been evaluated in long-term studies. Maternal health necessitates a comprehensive framework enabling continuous monitoring of pregnant women. In this paper, we present an Internet-of-Things (IoT)-based system to provide ubiquitous maternal health monitoring during pregnancy and postpartum. The system consists of various data collectors to track the mother\u2019s condition, including stress, sleep, and physical activity. We carried out the full system implementation and conducted a real human subject study on pregnant women in Southwestern Finland. We then evaluated the system\u2019s feasibility, energy efficiency, and data reliability. Our results show that the implemented system is feasible in terms of system usage during nine months. We also indicate the smartwatch, used in our study, has acceptable energy efficiency in long-term monitoring and is able to collect reliable photoplethysmography data. Finally, we discuss the integration of the presented system with the current healthcare system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T21:36:51Z","timestamp":1616621811000},"page":"2281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Long-Term IoT-Based Maternal Monitoring: System Design and Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5750-5793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Sarhaddi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5003-299X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iman","family":"Azimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9478-2546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sina","family":"Labbaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3435, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8646-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannakaisa","family":"Niela-Vil\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3060-8119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikil","family":"Dutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3435, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2743-3589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Axelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9392-3589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasi","family":"Liljeberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0725-1155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Rahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3435, USA"},{"name":"School of Nursing, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Future Health (IFH), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-516X.173986","article-title":"Analytical study of intrauterine fetal death cases and associated maternal conditions","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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