{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T21:48:02Z","timestamp":1780696082926,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20007942"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20007942"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypertension is a chronic disease that kills 7.6 million people worldwide annually. A continuous blood pressure monitoring system is required to accurately diagnose hypertension. Here, a chair-shaped ballistocardiogram (BCG)-based blood pressure estimation system was developed with no sensors attached to users. Two experimental sessions were conducted with 30 subjects. In the first session, two-channel BCG and blood pressure data were recorded for each subject. In the second session, the two-channel BCG and blood pressure data were recorded after running on a treadmill and then resting on the newly developed system. The empirical mode decomposition algorithm was used to remove noise in the two-channel BCG, and the instantaneous phase was calculated by applying a Hilbert transform to the first intrinsic mode functions. After training a convolutional neural network regression model that predicts the systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP) from the two-channel BCG phase, the results of the first session (rest) and second session (recovery) were compared. The results confirmed that the proposed model accurately estimates the rapidly rising blood pressure in the recovery state. Results from the rest sessions satisfied the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) international standards. The standard deviation of the SBP results in the recovery session exceeded 0.7.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T21:09:45Z","timestamp":1616706585000},"page":"2303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Blood Pressure Monitoring System Using a Two-Channel Ballistocardiogram and Convolutional Neural Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Woojoon","family":"Seok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Convergence Technology R&amp;D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 143 Hanggaulro, Ansan 15588, Korea"},{"name":"Deep Medi Research Institute of Technology, Deep Medi Inc., Seoul 06232, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deep Medi Research Institute of Technology, Deep Medi Inc., Seoul 06232, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongrae","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deep Medi Research Institute of Technology, Deep Medi Inc., Seoul 06232, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jongryun","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Convergence Technology R&amp;D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 143 Hanggaulro, Ansan 15588, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayup","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Convergence Technology R&amp;D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 143 Hanggaulro, Ansan 15588, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31134-5","article-title":"A call to action and a lifecourse strategy to address the global burden of raised blood pressure on current and future generations: The Lancet Commission on hypertension","volume":"388","author":"Olsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000163132.84890.c4","article-title":"Practice Guidelines of the European Society of Hypertension for Clinic, Ambulatory and Self Blood Pressure Measurement","volume":"23","author":"Asmar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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